django.contrib.admin admin_order_field

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/tree/master/docs

• https://github.com/django/django/tree/3.0

• https://github.com/django/django/tree/master

Description

• Added support for the admin_order_field attribute on properties in ModelAdmin.list_display.

django/contrib/admin/views/main.py

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/contrib/admin/views/main.py

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

from django import forms
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.admin import FieldListFilter
from django.contrib.admin.exceptions import (
    DisallowedModelAdminLookup,
    DisallowedModelAdminToField,
)
from django.contrib.admin.options import (
    IS_POPUP_VAR,
    TO_FIELD_VAR,
    IncorrectLookupParameters,
)
from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
    get_fields_from_path,
    lookup_needs_distinct,
    prepare_lookup_value,
    quote,
)
from django.core.exceptions import (
    FieldDoesNotExist,
    ImproperlyConfigured,
    SuspiciousOperation,
)
from django.core.paginator import InvalidPage
from django.db import models
from django.db.models.expressions import Combinable, F, OrderBy
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.http import urlencode
from django.utils.timezone import make_aware
from django.utils.translation import gettext

# Changelist settings
ALL_VAR = "all"
ORDER_VAR = "o"
ORDER_TYPE_VAR = "ot"
PAGE_VAR = "p"
SEARCH_VAR = "q"
ERROR_FLAG = "e"

IGNORED_PARAMS = (
    ALL_VAR,
    ORDER_VAR,
    ORDER_TYPE_VAR,
    SEARCH_VAR,
    IS_POPUP_VAR,
    TO_FIELD_VAR,
)


class ChangeListSearchForm(forms.Form):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # Populate "fields" dynamically because SEARCH_VAR is a variable:
        self.fields = {
            SEARCH_VAR: forms.CharField(required=False, strip=False),
        }


class ChangeList:
    search_form_class = ChangeListSearchForm

    def __init__(
        self,
        request,
        model,
        list_display,
        list_display_links,
        list_filter,
        date_hierarchy,
        search_fields,
        list_select_related,
        list_per_page,
        list_max_show_all,
        list_editable,
        model_admin,
        sortable_by,
    ):
        self.model = model
        self.opts = model._meta
        self.lookup_opts = self.opts
        self.root_queryset = model_admin.get_queryset(request)
        self.list_display = list_display
        self.list_display_links = list_display_links
        self.list_filter = list_filter
        self.has_filters = None
        self.date_hierarchy = date_hierarchy
        self.search_fields = search_fields
        self.list_select_related = list_select_related
        self.list_per_page = list_per_page
        self.list_max_show_all = list_max_show_all
        self.model_admin = model_admin
        self.preserved_filters = model_admin.get_preserved_filters(request)
        self.sortable_by = sortable_by

        # Get search parameters from the query string.
        _search_form = self.search_form_class(request.GET)
        if not _search_form.is_valid():
            for error in _search_form.errors.values():
                messages.error(request, ", ".join(error))
        self.query = _search_form.cleaned_data.get(SEARCH_VAR) or ""
        try:
            self.page_num = int(request.GET.get(PAGE_VAR, 0))
        except ValueError:
            self.page_num = 0
        self.show_all = ALL_VAR in request.GET
        self.is_popup = IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET
        to_field = request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
        if to_field and not model_admin.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField(
                "The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field
            )
        self.to_field = to_field
        self.params = dict(request.GET.items())
        if PAGE_VAR in self.params:
            del self.params[PAGE_VAR]
        if ERROR_FLAG in self.params:
            del self.params[ERROR_FLAG]

        if self.is_popup:
            self.list_editable = ()
        else:
            self.list_editable = list_editable
        self.queryset = self.get_queryset(request)
        self.get_results(request)
        if self.is_popup:
            title = gettext("Select %s")
        elif self.model_admin.has_change_permission(request):
            title = gettext("Select %s to change")
        else:
            title = gettext("Select %s to view")
        self.title = title % self.opts.verbose_name
        self.pk_attname = self.lookup_opts.pk.attname

    def get_filters_params(self, params=None):
        """
        Return all params except IGNORED_PARAMS.
        """
        params = params or self.params
        lookup_params = params.copy()  # a dictionary of the query string
        # Remove all the parameters that are globally and systematically
        # ignored.
        for ignored in IGNORED_PARAMS:
            if ignored in lookup_params:
                del lookup_params[ignored]
        return lookup_params

    def get_filters(self, request):
        lookup_params = self.get_filters_params()
        use_distinct = False

        for key, value in lookup_params.items():
            if not self.model_admin.lookup_allowed(key, value):
                raise DisallowedModelAdminLookup("Filtering by %s not allowed" % key)

        filter_specs = []
        for list_filter in self.list_filter:
            if callable(list_filter):
                # This is simply a custom list filter class.
                spec = list_filter(request, lookup_params, self.model, self.model_admin)
            else:
                field_path = None
                if isinstance(list_filter, (tuple, list)):
                    # This is a custom FieldListFilter class for a given field.
                    field, field_list_filter_class = list_filter
                else:
                    # This is simply a field name, so use the default
                    # FieldListFilter class that has been registered for the
                    # type of the given field.
                    field, field_list_filter_class = list_filter, FieldListFilter.create
                if not isinstance(field, models.Field):
                    field_path = field
                    field = get_fields_from_path(self.model, field_path)[-1]

                lookup_params_count = len(lookup_params)
                spec = field_list_filter_class(
                    field,
                    request,
                    lookup_params,
                    self.model,
                    self.model_admin,
                    field_path=field_path,
                )
                # field_list_filter_class removes any lookup_params it
                # processes. If that happened, check if distinct() is needed to
                # remove duplicate results.
                if lookup_params_count > len(lookup_params):
                    use_distinct = use_distinct or lookup_needs_distinct(
                        self.lookup_opts, field_path
                    )
            if spec and spec.has_output():
                filter_specs.append(spec)

        if self.date_hierarchy:
            # Create bounded lookup parameters so that the query is more
            # efficient.
            year = lookup_params.pop("%s__year" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
            if year is not None:
                month = lookup_params.pop("%s__month" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
                day = lookup_params.pop("%s__day" % self.date_hierarchy, None)
                try:
                    from_date = datetime(
                        int(year),
                        int(month if month is not None else 1),
                        int(day if day is not None else 1),
                    )
                except ValueError as e:
                    raise IncorrectLookupParameters(e) from e
                if day:
                    to_date = from_date + timedelta(days=1)
                elif month:
                    # In this branch, from_date will always be the first of a
                    # month, so advancing 32 days gives the next month.
                    to_date = (from_date + timedelta(days=32)).replace(day=1)
                else:
                    to_date = from_date.replace(year=from_date.year + 1)
                if settings.USE_TZ:
                    from_date = make_aware(from_date)
                    to_date = make_aware(to_date)
                lookup_params.update(
                    {
                        "%s__gte" % self.date_hierarchy: from_date,
                        "%s__lt" % self.date_hierarchy: to_date,
                    }
                )

        # At this point, all the parameters used by the various ListFilters
        # have been removed from lookup_params, which now only contains other
        # parameters passed via the query string. We now loop through the
        # remaining parameters both to ensure that all the parameters are valid
        # fields and to determine if at least one of them needs distinct(). If
        # the lookup parameters aren't real fields, then bail out.
        try:
            for key, value in lookup_params.items():
                lookup_params[key] = prepare_lookup_value(key, value)
                use_distinct = use_distinct or lookup_needs_distinct(
                    self.lookup_opts, key
                )
            return filter_specs, bool(filter_specs), lookup_params, use_distinct
        except FieldDoesNotExist as e:
            raise IncorrectLookupParameters(e) from e

    def get_query_string(self, new_params=None, remove=None):
        if new_params is None:
            new_params = {}
        if remove is None:
            remove = []
        p = self.params.copy()
        for r in remove:
            for k in list(p):
                if k.startswith(r):
                    del p[k]
        for k, v in new_params.items():
            if v is None:
                if k in p:
                    del p[k]
            else:
                p[k] = v
        return "?%s" % urlencode(sorted(p.items()))

    def get_results(self, request):
        paginator = self.model_admin.get_paginator(
            request, self.queryset, self.list_per_page
        )
        # Get the number of objects, with admin filters applied.
        result_count = paginator.count

        # Get the total number of objects, with no admin filters applied.
        if self.model_admin.show_full_result_count:
            full_result_count = self.root_queryset.count()
        else:
            full_result_count = None
        can_show_all = result_count <= self.list_max_show_all
        multi_page = result_count > self.list_per_page

        # Get the list of objects to display on this page.
        if (self.show_all and can_show_all) or not multi_page:
            result_list = self.queryset._clone()
        else:
            try:
                result_list = paginator.page(self.page_num + 1).object_list
            except InvalidPage:
                raise IncorrectLookupParameters

        self.result_count = result_count
        self.show_full_result_count = self.model_admin.show_full_result_count
        # Admin actions are shown if there is at least one entry
        # or if entries are not counted because show_full_result_count is disabled
        self.show_admin_actions = not self.show_full_result_count or bool(
            full_result_count
        )
        self.full_result_count = full_result_count
        self.result_list = result_list
        self.can_show_all = can_show_all
        self.multi_page = multi_page
        self.paginator = paginator

    def _get_default_ordering(self):
        ordering = []
        if self.model_admin.ordering:
            ordering = self.model_admin.ordering
        elif self.lookup_opts.ordering:
            ordering = self.lookup_opts.ordering
        return ordering

    def get_ordering_field(self, field_name):
        """
        Return the proper model field name corresponding to the given
        field_name to use for ordering. field_name may either be the name of a
        proper model field or the name of a method (on the admin or model) or a
        callable with the 'admin_order_field' attribute. Return None if no
        proper model field name can be matched.
        """
        try:
            field = self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name)
            return field.name
        except FieldDoesNotExist:
            # See whether field_name is a name of a non-field
            # that allows sorting.
            if callable(field_name):
                attr = field_name
            elif hasattr(self.model_admin, field_name):
                attr = getattr(self.model_admin, field_name)
            else:
                attr = getattr(self.model, field_name)
            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, "fget"):
                attr = attr.fget
            return getattr(attr, "admin_order_field", None)

    def get_ordering(self, request, queryset):
        """
        Return the list of ordering fields for the change list.
        First check the get_ordering() method in model admin, then check
        the object's default ordering. Then, any manually-specified ordering
        from the query string overrides anything. Finally, a deterministic
        order is guaranteed by calling _get_deterministic_ordering() with the
        constructed ordering.
        """
        params = self.params
        ordering = list(
            self.model_admin.get_ordering(request) or self._get_default_ordering()
        )
        if ORDER_VAR in params:
            # Clear ordering and used params
            ordering = []
            order_params = params[ORDER_VAR].split(".")
            for p in order_params:
                try:
                    none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition("-")
                    field_name = self.list_display[int(idx)]
                    order_field = self.get_ordering_field(field_name)
                    if not order_field:
                        continue  # No 'admin_order_field', skip it
                    if isinstance(order_field, OrderBy):
                        if pfx == "-":
                            order_field = order_field.copy()
                            order_field.reverse_ordering()
                        ordering.append(order_field)
                    elif hasattr(order_field, "resolve_expression"):
                        # order_field is an expression.
                        ordering.append(
                            order_field.desc() if pfx == "-" else order_field.asc()
                        )
                    # reverse order if order_field has already "-" as prefix
                    elif order_field.startswith("-") and pfx == "-":
                        ordering.append(order_field[1:])
                    else:
                        ordering.append(pfx + order_field)
                except (IndexError, ValueError):
                    continue  # Invalid ordering specified, skip it.

        # Add the given query's ordering fields, if any.
        ordering.extend(queryset.query.order_by)

        return self._get_deterministic_ordering(ordering)

    def _get_deterministic_ordering(self, ordering):
        """
        Ensure a deterministic order across all database backends. Search for a
        single field or unique together set of fields providing a total
        ordering. If these are missing, augment the ordering with a descendant
        primary key.
        """
        ordering = list(ordering)
        ordering_fields = set()
        total_ordering_fields = {"pk"} | {
            field.attname
            for field in self.lookup_opts.fields
            if field.unique and not field.null
        }
        for part in ordering:
            # Search for single field providing a total ordering.
            field_name = None
            if isinstance(part, str):
                field_name = part.lstrip("-")
            elif isinstance(part, F):
                field_name = part.name
            elif isinstance(part, OrderBy) and isinstance(part.expression, F):
                field_name = part.expression.name
            if field_name:
                # Normalize attname references by using get_field().
                try:
                    field = self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name)
                except FieldDoesNotExist:
                    # Could be "?" for random ordering or a related field
                    # lookup. Skip this part of introspection for now.
                    continue
                # Ordering by a related field name orders by the referenced
                # model's ordering. Skip this part of introspection for now.
                if field.remote_field and field_name == field.name:
                    continue
                if field.attname in total_ordering_fields:
                    break
                ordering_fields.add(field.attname)
        else:
            # No single total ordering field, try unique_together.
            for field_names in self.lookup_opts.unique_together:
                # Normalize attname references by using get_field().
                fields = [
                    self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name) for field_name in field_names
                ]
                # Composite unique constraints containing a nullable column
                # cannot ensure total ordering.
                if any(field.null for field in fields):
                    continue
                if ordering_fields.issuperset(field.attname for field in fields):
                    break
            else:
                # If no set of unique fields is present in the ordering, rely
                # on the primary key to provide total ordering.
                ordering.append("-pk")
        return ordering

    def get_ordering_field_columns(self):
        """
        Return a dictionary of ordering field column numbers and asc/desc.
        """
        # We must cope with more than one column having the same underlying sort
        # field, so we base things on column numbers.
        ordering = self._get_default_ordering()
        ordering_fields = {}
        if ORDER_VAR not in self.params:
            # for ordering specified on ModelAdmin or model Meta, we don't know
            # the right column numbers absolutely, because there might be more
            # than one column associated with that ordering, so we guess.
            for field in ordering:
                if isinstance(field, (Combinable, OrderBy)):
                    if not isinstance(field, OrderBy):
                        field = field.asc()
                    if isinstance(field.expression, F):
                        order_type = "desc" if field.descending else "asc"
                        field = field.expression.name
                    else:
                        continue
                elif field.startswith("-"):
                    field = field[1:]
                    order_type = "desc"
                else:
                    order_type = "asc"
                for index, attr in enumerate(self.list_display):
                    if self.get_ordering_field(attr) == field:
                        ordering_fields[index] = order_type
                        break
        else:
            for p in self.params[ORDER_VAR].split("."):
                none, pfx, idx = p.rpartition("-")
                try:
                    idx = int(idx)
                except ValueError:
                    continue  # skip it
                ordering_fields[idx] = "desc" if pfx == "-" else "asc"
        return ordering_fields

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        # First, we collect all the declared list filters.
        (
            self.filter_specs,
            self.has_filters,
            remaining_lookup_params,
            filters_use_distinct,
        ) = self.get_filters(request)

        # Then, we let every list filter modify the queryset to its liking.
        qs = self.root_queryset
        for filter_spec in self.filter_specs:
            new_qs = filter_spec.queryset(request, qs)
            if new_qs is not None:
                qs = new_qs

        try:
            # Finally, we apply the remaining lookup parameters from the query
            # string (i.e. those that haven't already been processed by the
            # filters).
            qs = qs.filter(**remaining_lookup_params)
        except (SuspiciousOperation, ImproperlyConfigured):
            # Allow certain types of errors to be re-raised as-is so that the
            # caller can treat them in a special way.
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            # Every other error is caught with a naked except, because we don't
            # have any other way of validating lookup parameters. They might be
            # invalid if the keyword arguments are incorrect, or if the values
            # are not in the correct type, so we might get FieldError,
            # ValueError, ValidationError, or ?.
            raise IncorrectLookupParameters(e)

        if not qs.query.select_related:
            qs = self.apply_select_related(qs)

        # Set ordering.
        ordering = self.get_ordering(request, qs)
        qs = qs.order_by(*ordering)

        # Apply search results
        qs, search_use_distinct = self.model_admin.get_search_results(
            request, qs, self.query
        )

        # Remove duplicates from results, if necessary
        if filters_use_distinct | search_use_distinct:
            return qs.distinct()
        else:
            return qs

    def apply_select_related(self, qs):
        if self.list_select_related is True:
            return qs.select_related()

        if self.list_select_related is False:
            if self.has_related_field_in_list_display():
                return qs.select_related()

        if self.list_select_related:
            return qs.select_related(*self.list_select_related)
        return qs

    def has_related_field_in_list_display(self):
        for field_name in self.list_display:
            try:
                field = self.lookup_opts.get_field(field_name)
            except FieldDoesNotExist:
                pass
            else:
                if isinstance(field.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
                    # <FK>_id field names don't require a join.
                    if field_name != field.get_attname():
                        return True
        return False

    def url_for_result(self, result):
        pk = getattr(result, self.pk_attname)
        return reverse(
            "admin:%s_%s_change" % (self.opts.app_label, self.opts.model_name),
            args=(quote(pk),),
            current_app=self.model_admin.admin_site.name,
        )

contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py

import datetime

from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
    display_for_field,
    display_for_value,
    label_for_field,
    lookup_field,
)
from django.contrib.admin.views.main import (
    ALL_VAR,
    ORDER_VAR,
    PAGE_VAR,
    SEARCH_VAR,
)
from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
from django.db import models
from django.template import Library
from django.template.loader import get_template
from django.templatetags.static import static
from django.urls import NoReverseMatch
from django.utils import formats
from django.utils.html import format_html
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from django.utils.text import capfirst
from django.utils.translation import gettext as _

from .base import InclusionAdminNode

register = Library()

DOT = "."


@register.simple_tag
def paginator_number(cl, i):
    """
    Generate an individual page index link in a paginated list.
    """
    if i == DOT:
        return "… "
    elif i == cl.page_num:
        return format_html('<span class="this-page">{}</span> ', i + 1)
    else:
        return format_html(
            '<a href="{}"{}>{}</a> ',
            cl.get_query_string({PAGE_VAR: i}),
            mark_safe(' class="end"' if i == cl.paginator.num_pages - 1 else ""),
            i + 1,
        )


def pagination(cl):
    """
    Generate the series of links to the pages in a paginated list.
    """
    paginator, page_num = cl.paginator, cl.page_num

    pagination_required = (not cl.show_all or not cl.can_show_all) and cl.multi_page
    if not pagination_required:
        page_range = []
    else:
        ON_EACH_SIDE = 3
        ON_ENDS = 2

        # If there are 10 or fewer pages, display links to every page.
        # Otherwise, do some fancy
        if paginator.num_pages <= 10:
            page_range = range(paginator.num_pages)
        else:
            # Insert "smart" pagination links, so that there are always ON_ENDS
            # links at either end of the list of pages, and there are always
            # ON_EACH_SIDE links at either end of the "current page" link.
            page_range = []
            if page_num > (ON_EACH_SIDE + ON_ENDS):
                page_range += [
                    *range(0, ON_ENDS),
                    DOT,
                    *range(page_num - ON_EACH_SIDE, page_num + 1),
                ]
            else:
                page_range.extend(range(0, page_num + 1))
            if page_num < (paginator.num_pages - ON_EACH_SIDE - ON_ENDS - 1):
                page_range += [
                    *range(page_num + 1, page_num + ON_EACH_SIDE + 1),
                    DOT,
                    *range(paginator.num_pages - ON_ENDS, paginator.num_pages),
                ]
            else:
                page_range.extend(range(page_num + 1, paginator.num_pages))

    need_show_all_link = cl.can_show_all and not cl.show_all and cl.multi_page
    return {
        "cl": cl,
        "pagination_required": pagination_required,
        "show_all_url": need_show_all_link and cl.get_query_string({ALL_VAR: ""}),
        "page_range": page_range,
        "ALL_VAR": ALL_VAR,
        "1": 1,
    }


@register.tag(name="pagination")
def pagination_tag(parser, token):
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser,
        token,
        func=pagination,
        template_name="pagination.html",
        takes_context=False,
    )


def result_headers(cl):
    """
    Generate the list column headers.
    """
    ordering_field_columns = cl.get_ordering_field_columns()
    for i, field_name in enumerate(cl.list_display):
        text, attr = label_for_field(
            field_name, cl.model, model_admin=cl.model_admin, return_attr=True
        )
        is_field_sortable = cl.sortable_by is None or field_name in cl.sortable_by
        if attr:
            field_name = _coerce_field_name(field_name, i)
            # Potentially not sortable

            # if the field is the action checkbox: no sorting and special class
            if field_name == "action_checkbox":
                yield {
                    "text": text,
                    "class_attrib": mark_safe(' class="action-checkbox-column"'),
                    "sortable": False,
                }
                continue

            admin_order_field = getattr(attr, "admin_order_field", None)
            # Set ordering for attr that is a property, if defined.
            if isinstance(attr, property) and hasattr(attr, "fget"):
                admin_order_field = getattr(attr.fget, "admin_order_field", None)
            if not admin_order_field:
                is_field_sortable = False

        if not is_field_sortable:
            # Not sortable
            yield {
                "text": text,
                "class_attrib": format_html(' class="column-{}"', field_name),
                "sortable": False,
            }
            continue

        # OK, it is sortable if we got this far
        th_classes = ["sortable", "column-{}".format(field_name)]
        order_type = ""
        new_order_type = "asc"
        sort_priority = 0
        # Is it currently being sorted on?
        is_sorted = i in ordering_field_columns
        if is_sorted:
            order_type = ordering_field_columns.get(i).lower()
            sort_priority = list(ordering_field_columns).index(i) + 1
            th_classes.append("sorted %sending" % order_type)
            new_order_type = {"asc": "desc", "desc": "asc"}[order_type]

        # build new ordering param
        o_list_primary = []  # URL for making this field the primary sort
        o_list_remove = []  # URL for removing this field from sort
        o_list_toggle = []  # URL for toggling order type for this field

        def make_qs_param(t, n):
            return ("-" if t == "desc" else "") + str(n)

        for j, ot in ordering_field_columns.items():
            if j == i:  # Same column
                param = make_qs_param(new_order_type, j)
                # We want clicking on this header to bring the ordering to the
                # front
                o_list_primary.insert(0, param)
                o_list_toggle.append(param)
                # o_list_remove - omit
            else:
                param = make_qs_param(ot, j)
                o_list_primary.append(param)
                o_list_toggle.append(param)
                o_list_remove.append(param)

        if i not in ordering_field_columns:
            o_list_primary.insert(0, make_qs_param(new_order_type, i))

        yield {
            "text": text,
            "sortable": True,
            "sorted": is_sorted,
            "ascending": order_type == "asc",
            "sort_priority": sort_priority,
            "url_primary": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_primary)}),
            "url_remove": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_remove)}),
            "url_toggle": cl.get_query_string({ORDER_VAR: ".".join(o_list_toggle)}),
            "class_attrib": format_html(' class="{}"', " ".join(th_classes))
            if th_classes
            else "",
        }


def _boolean_icon(field_val):
    icon_url = static(
        "admin/img/icon-%s.svg" % {True: "yes", False: "no", None: "unknown"}[field_val]
    )
    return format_html('<img src="{}" alt="{}">', icon_url, field_val)


def _coerce_field_name(field_name, field_index):
    """
    Coerce a field_name (which may be a callable) to a string.
    """
    if callable(field_name):
        if field_name.__name__ == "<lambda>":
            return "lambda" + str(field_index)
        else:
            return field_name.__name__
    return field_name


def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
    """
    Generate the actual list of data.
    """

    def link_in_col(is_first, field_name, cl):
        if cl.list_display_links is None:
            return False
        if is_first and not cl.list_display_links:
            return True
        return field_name in cl.list_display_links

    first = True
    pk = cl.lookup_opts.pk.attname
    for field_index, field_name in enumerate(cl.list_display):
        empty_value_display = cl.model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
        row_classes = ["field-%s" % _coerce_field_name(field_name, field_index)]
        try:
            f, attr, value = lookup_field(field_name, result, cl.model_admin)
        except ObjectDoesNotExist:
            result_repr = empty_value_display
        else:
            empty_value_display = getattr(
                attr, "empty_value_display", empty_value_display
            )
            if f is None or f.auto_created:
                if field_name == "action_checkbox":
                    row_classes = ["action-checkbox"]
                boolean = getattr(attr, "boolean", False)
                result_repr = display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean)
                if isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.time)):
                    row_classes.append("nowrap")
            else:
                if isinstance(f.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
                    field_val = getattr(result, f.name)
                    if field_val is None:
                        result_repr = empty_value_display
                    else:
                        result_repr = field_val
                else:
                    result_repr = display_for_field(value, f, empty_value_display)
                if isinstance(
                    f, (models.DateField, models.TimeField, models.ForeignKey)
                ):
                    row_classes.append("nowrap")
        if str(result_repr) == "":
            result_repr = mark_safe("&nbsp;")
        row_class = mark_safe(' class="%s"' % " ".join(row_classes))
        # If list_display_links not defined, add the link tag to the first field
        if link_in_col(first, field_name, cl):
            table_tag = "th" if first else "td"
            first = False

            # Display link to the result's change_view if the url exists, else
            # display just the result's representation.
            try:
                url = cl.url_for_result(result)
            except NoReverseMatch:
                link_or_text = result_repr
            else:
                url = add_preserved_filters(
                    {"preserved_filters": cl.preserved_filters, "opts": cl.opts}, url
                )
                # Convert the pk to something that can be used in Javascript.
                # Problem cases are non-ASCII strings.
                if cl.to_field:
                    attr = str(cl.to_field)
                else:
                    attr = pk
                value = result.serializable_value(attr)
                link_or_text = format_html(
                    '<a href="{}"{}>{}</a>',
                    url,
                    format_html(' data-popup-opener="{}"', value)
                    if cl.is_popup
                    else "",
                    result_repr,
                )

            yield format_html(
                "<{}{}>{}</{}>", table_tag, row_class, link_or_text, table_tag
            )
        else:
            # By default the fields come from ModelAdmin.list_editable, but if we pull
            # the fields out of the form instead of list_editable custom admins
            # can provide fields on a per request basis
            if (
                form
                and field_name in form.fields
                and not (
                    field_name == cl.model._meta.pk.name
                    and form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden
                )
            ):
                bf = form[field_name]
                result_repr = mark_safe(str(bf.errors) + str(bf))
            yield format_html("<td{}>{}</td>", row_class, result_repr)
    if form and not form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden:
        yield format_html("<td>{}</td>", form[cl.model._meta.pk.name])


class ResultList(list):
    """
    Wrapper class used to return items in a list_editable changelist, annotated
    with the form object for error reporting purposes. Needed to maintain
    backwards compatibility with existing admin templates.
    """

    def __init__(self, form, *items):
        self.form = form
        super().__init__(*items)


def results(cl):
    if cl.formset:
        for res, form in zip(cl.result_list, cl.formset.forms):
            yield ResultList(form, items_for_result(cl, res, form))
    else:
        for res in cl.result_list:
            yield ResultList(None, items_for_result(cl, res, None))


def result_hidden_fields(cl):
    if cl.formset:
        for res, form in zip(cl.result_list, cl.formset.forms):
            if form[cl.model._meta.pk.name].is_hidden:
                yield mark_safe(form[cl.model._meta.pk.name])


def result_list(cl):
    """
    Display the headers and data list together.
    """
    headers = list(result_headers(cl))
    num_sorted_fields = 0
    for h in headers:
        if h["sortable"] and h["sorted"]:
            num_sorted_fields += 1
    return {
        "cl": cl,
        "result_hidden_fields": list(result_hidden_fields(cl)),
        "result_headers": headers,
        "num_sorted_fields": num_sorted_fields,
        "results": list(results(cl)),
    }


@register.tag(name="result_list")
def result_list_tag(parser, token):
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser,
        token,
        func=result_list,
        template_name="change_list_results.html",
        takes_context=False,
    )


def date_hierarchy(cl):
    """
    Display the date hierarchy for date drill-down functionality.
    """
    if cl.date_hierarchy:
        field_name = cl.date_hierarchy
        year_field = "%s__year" % field_name
        month_field = "%s__month" % field_name
        day_field = "%s__day" % field_name
        field_generic = "%s__" % field_name
        year_lookup = cl.params.get(year_field)
        month_lookup = cl.params.get(month_field)
        day_lookup = cl.params.get(day_field)

        def link(filters):
            return cl.get_query_string(filters, [field_generic])

        if not (year_lookup or month_lookup or day_lookup):
            # select appropriate start level
            date_range = cl.queryset.aggregate(
                first=models.Min(field_name), last=models.Max(field_name)
            )
            if date_range["first"] and date_range["last"]:
                if date_range["first"].year == date_range["last"].year:
                    year_lookup = date_range["first"].year
                    if date_range["first"].month == date_range["last"].month:
                        month_lookup = date_range["first"].month

        if year_lookup and month_lookup and day_lookup:
            day = datetime.date(int(year_lookup), int(month_lookup), int(day_lookup))
            return {
                "show": True,
                "back": {
                    "link": link({year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month_lookup}),
                    "title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")),
                },
                "choices": [
                    {"title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT"))}
                ],
            }
        elif year_lookup and month_lookup:
            days = getattr(cl.queryset, "dates")(field_name, "day")
            return {
                "show": True,
                "back": {
                    "link": link({year_field: year_lookup}),
                    "title": str(year_lookup),
                },
                "choices": [
                    {
                        "link": link(
                            {
                                year_field: year_lookup,
                                month_field: month_lookup,
                                day_field: day.day,
                            }
                        ),
                        "title": capfirst(formats.date_format(day, "MONTH_DAY_FORMAT")),
                    }
                    for day in days
                ],
            }
        elif year_lookup:
            months = getattr(cl.queryset, "dates")(field_name, "month")
            return {
                "show": True,
                "back": {"link": link({}), "title": _("All dates")},
                "choices": [
                    {
                        "link": link(
                            {year_field: year_lookup, month_field: month.month}
                        ),
                        "title": capfirst(
                            formats.date_format(month, "YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT")
                        ),
                    }
                    for month in months
                ],
            }
        else:
            years = getattr(cl.queryset, "dates")(field_name, "year")
            return {
                "show": True,
                "back": None,
                "choices": [
                    {
                        "link": link({year_field: str(year.year)}),
                        "title": str(year.year),
                    }
                    for year in years
                ],
            }


@register.tag(name="date_hierarchy")
def date_hierarchy_tag(parser, token):
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser,
        token,
        func=date_hierarchy,
        template_name="date_hierarchy.html",
        takes_context=False,
    )


def search_form(cl):
    """
    Display a search form for searching the list.
    """
    return {
        "cl": cl,
        "show_result_count": cl.result_count != cl.full_result_count,
        "search_var": SEARCH_VAR,
    }


@register.tag(name="search_form")
def search_form_tag(parser, token):
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser,
        token,
        func=search_form,
        template_name="search_form.html",
        takes_context=False,
    )


@register.simple_tag
def admin_list_filter(cl, spec):
    tpl = get_template(spec.template)
    return tpl.render(
        {"title": spec.title, "choices": list(spec.choices(cl)), "spec": spec,}
    )


def admin_actions(context):
    """
    Track the number of times the action field has been rendered on the page,
    so we know which value to use.
    """
    context["action_index"] = context.get("action_index", -1) + 1
    return context


@register.tag(name="admin_actions")
def admin_actions_tag(parser, token):
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser, token, func=admin_actions, template_name="actions.html"
    )


@register.tag(name="change_list_object_tools")
def change_list_object_tools_tag(parser, token):
    """Display the row of change list object tools."""
    return InclusionAdminNode(
        parser,
        token,
        func=lambda context: context,
        template_name="change_list_object_tools.html",
    )

tests/admin_views/models.py

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/tests/admin_views/models.py

import datetime
import os
import tempfile
import uuid

from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
    GenericForeignKey,
    GenericRelation,
)
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
from django.db import models


class Section(models.Model):
    """
    A simple section that links to articles, to test linking to related items
    in admin views.
    """

    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

    @property
    def name_property(self):
        """
        A property that simply returns the name. Used to test #24461
        """
        return self.name


class Article(models.Model):
    """
    A simple article to test admin views. Test backwards compatibility.
    """

    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    content = models.TextField()
    date = models.DateTimeField()
    section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
    another_section = models.ForeignKey(
        Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
    )
    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(
        Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

    def model_year(self):
        return self.date.year

    model_year.admin_order_field = "date"
    model_year.short_description = ""

    def model_year_reversed(self):
        return self.date.year

    model_year_reversed.admin_order_field = "-date"
    model_year_reversed.short_description = ""

    def property_year(self):
        return self.date.year

    property_year.admin_order_field = "date"
    model_property_year = property(property_year)

    @property
    def model_month(self):
        return self.date.month


class Book(models.Model):
    """
    A simple book that has chapters.
    """

    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Promo(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
    author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Chapter(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Title?")
    content = models.TextField()
    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
        # Use a utf-8 bytestring to ensure it works (see #11710)
        verbose_name = "¿Chapter?"

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


class ChapterXtra1(models.Model):
    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
    guest_author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return "¿Xtra1: %s" % self.xtra


class ChapterXtra2(models.Model):
    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")

    def __str__(self):
        return "¿Xtra2: %s" % self.xtra


class RowLevelChangePermissionModel(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True)


class CustomArticle(models.Model):
    content = models.TextField()
    date = models.DateTimeField()


class ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
    string_pk = models.CharField(max_length=255, primary_key=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.string_pk

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.string_pk


class Color(models.Model):
    value = models.CharField(max_length=10)
    warm = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.value


# we replicate Color to register with another ModelAdmin
class Color2(Color):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True


class Thing(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"warm": True})
    pub_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


class Actor(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    title = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Inquisition(models.Model):
    expected = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    leader = models.ForeignKey(Actor, models.CASCADE)
    country = models.CharField(max_length=20)

    def __str__(self):
        return "by %s from %s" % (self.leader, self.country)


class Sketch(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    inquisition = models.ForeignKey(
        Inquisition,
        models.CASCADE,
        limit_choices_to={
            "leader__name": "Palin",
            "leader__age": 27,
            "expected": False,
        },
    )
    defendant0 = models.ForeignKey(
        Actor,
        models.CASCADE,
        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": False},
        related_name="as_defendant0",
    )
    defendant1 = models.ForeignKey(
        Actor,
        models.CASCADE,
        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": True},
        related_name="as_defendant1",
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


def today_callable_dict():
    return {"last_action__gte": datetime.datetime.today()}


def today_callable_q():
    return models.Q(last_action__gte=datetime.datetime.today())


class Character(models.Model):
    username = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    last_action = models.DateTimeField()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.username


class StumpJoke(models.Model):
    variation = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    most_recently_fooled = models.ForeignKey(
        Character,
        models.CASCADE,
        limit_choices_to=today_callable_dict,
        related_name="+",
    )
    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(
        Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+"
    )

    def __str__(self):
        return self.variation


class Fabric(models.Model):
    NG_CHOICES = (
        ("Textured", (("x", "Horizontal"), ("y", "Vertical"),)),
        ("plain", "Smooth"),
    )
    surface = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=NG_CHOICES)


class Person(models.Model):
    GENDER_CHOICES = (
        (1, "Male"),
        (2, "Female"),
    )
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    gender = models.IntegerField(choices=GENDER_CHOICES)
    age = models.IntegerField(default=21)
    alive = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Persona(models.Model):
    """
    A simple persona associated with accounts, to test inlining of related
    accounts which inherit from a common accounts class.
    """

    name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Account(models.Model):
    """
    A simple, generic account encapsulating the information shared by all
    types of accounts.
    """

    username = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
    persona = models.ForeignKey(Persona, models.CASCADE, related_name="accounts")
    servicename = "generic service"

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s: %s" % (self.servicename, self.username)


class FooAccount(Account):
    """A service-specific account of type Foo."""

    servicename = "foo"


class BarAccount(Account):
    """A service-specific account of type Bar."""

    servicename = "bar"


class Subscriber(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
    email = models.EmailField(blank=False, max_length=175)

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s (%s)" % (self.name, self.email)


class ExternalSubscriber(Subscriber):
    pass


class OldSubscriber(Subscriber):
    pass


class Media(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=60)


class Podcast(Media):
    release_date = models.DateField()

    class Meta:
        ordering = ("release_date",)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin


class Vodcast(Media):
    media = models.OneToOneField(
        Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
    )
    released = models.BooleanField(default=False)


class Parent(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)

    def clean(self):
        if self.name == "_invalid":
            raise ValidationError("invalid")


class Child(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, editable=False)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)

    def clean(self):
        if self.name == "_invalid":
            raise ValidationError("invalid")


class EmptyModel(models.Model):
    def __str__(self):
        return "Primary key = %s" % self.id


temp_storage = FileSystemStorage(tempfile.mkdtemp())
UPLOAD_TO = os.path.join(temp_storage.location, "test_upload")


class Gallery(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Picture(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="test_upload")
    gallery = models.ForeignKey(Gallery, models.CASCADE, related_name="pictures")


class Language(models.Model):
    iso = models.CharField(max_length=5, primary_key=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    english_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    shortlist = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    class Meta:
        ordering = ("iso",)


# a base class for Recommender and Recommendation
class Title(models.Model):
    pass


class TitleTranslation(models.Model):
    title = models.ForeignKey(Title, models.CASCADE)
    text = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Recommender(Title):
    pass


class Recommendation(Title):
    the_recommender = models.ForeignKey(Recommender, models.CASCADE)


class Collector(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Widget(models.Model):
    owner = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class DooHickey(models.Model):
    code = models.CharField(max_length=10, primary_key=True)
    owner = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Grommet(models.Model):
    code = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    owner = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Whatsit(models.Model):
    index = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)
    owner = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class Doodad(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)


class FancyDoodad(Doodad):
    owner = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    expensive = models.BooleanField(default=True)


class Category(models.Model):
    collector = models.ForeignKey(Collector, models.CASCADE)
    order = models.PositiveIntegerField()

    class Meta:
        ordering = ("order",)

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s:o%s" % (self.id, self.order)


def link_posted_default():
    return datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)


class Link(models.Model):
    posted = models.DateField(default=link_posted_default)
    url = models.URLField()
    post = models.ForeignKey("Post", models.CASCADE)
    readonly_link_content = models.TextField()


class PrePopulatedPost(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    slug = models.SlugField()


class PrePopulatedSubPost(models.Model):
    post = models.ForeignKey(PrePopulatedPost, models.CASCADE)
    subtitle = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    subslug = models.SlugField()


class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(
        max_length=100, help_text="Some help text for the title (with unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
    )
    content = models.TextField(
        help_text="Some help text for the content (with unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
    )
    readonly_content = models.TextField()
    posted = models.DateField(
        default=datetime.date.today,
        help_text="Some help text for the date (with unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)",
    )
    public = models.BooleanField(null=True, blank=True)

    def awesomeness_level(self):
        return "Very awesome."


# Proxy model to test overridden fields attrs on Post model so as not to
# interfere with other tests.
class FieldOverridePost(Post):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True


class Gadget(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Villain(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class SuperVillain(Villain):
    pass


class FunkyTag(models.Model):
    "Because we all know there's only one real use case for GFKs."
    name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Plot(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="lead_plots")
    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="contact_plots")
    tags = GenericRelation(FunkyTag)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class PlotDetails(models.Model):
    details = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    plot = models.OneToOneField(Plot, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.details


class PlotProxy(Plot):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True


class SecretHideout(models.Model):
    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """

    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    villain = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.location


class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """

    location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    supervillain = models.ForeignKey(SuperVillain, models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.location


class Bookmark(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name="bookmark")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class CyclicOne(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
    two = models.ForeignKey("CyclicTwo", models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class CyclicTwo(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
    one = models.ForeignKey(CyclicOne, models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Topping(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Pizza(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    toppings = models.ManyToManyField("Topping", related_name="pizzas")


# Pizza's ModelAdmin has readonly_fields = ['toppings'].
# toppings is editable for this model's admin.
class ReadablePizza(Pizza):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True


# No default permissions are created for this model and both name and toppings
# are readonly for this model's admin.
class ReadOnlyPizza(Pizza):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True
        default_permissions = ()


class Album(models.Model):
    owner = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)


class Song(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    album = models.ForeignKey(Album, on_delete=models.RESTRICT)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name


class Employee(Person):
    code = models.CharField(max_length=20)


class WorkHour(models.Model):
    datum = models.DateField()
    employee = models.ForeignKey(Employee, models.CASCADE)


class Question(models.Model):
    question = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    posted = models.DateField(default=datetime.date.today)
    expires = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField("self")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question


class Answer(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.PROTECT)
    answer = models.CharField(max_length=20)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.answer


class Answer2(Answer):
    class Meta:
        proxy = True


class Reservation(models.Model):
    start_date = models.DateTimeField()
    price = models.IntegerField()


class FoodDelivery(models.Model):
    DRIVER_CHOICES = (
        ("bill", "Bill G"),
        ("steve", "Steve J"),
    )
    RESTAURANT_CHOICES = (
        ("indian", "A Taste of India"),
        ("thai", "Thai Pography"),
        ("pizza", "Pizza Mama"),
    )
    reference = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    driver = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=DRIVER_CHOICES, blank=True)
    restaurant = models.CharField(
        max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True
    )

    class Meta:
        unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)


class CoverLetter(models.Model):
    author = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    date_written = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.author


class Paper(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True, null=True)


class ShortMessage(models.Model):
    content = models.CharField(max_length=140)
    timestamp = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)


class Telegram(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    date_sent = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


class Story(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    content = models.TextField()


class OtherStory(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    content = models.TextField()


class ComplexSortedPerson(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    is_employee = models.BooleanField(null=True)


class PluggableSearchPerson(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    age = models.PositiveIntegerField()


class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug(models.Model):
    """
    Regression test for #15938: a large max_length for the slugfield must not
    be localized in prepopulated_fields_js.html or it might end up breaking
    the javascript (ie, using THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ends up with maxLength=1,000)
    """

    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    # `db_index=False` because MySQL cannot index large CharField (#21196).
    slug = models.SlugField(max_length=1000, db_index=False)


class AdminOrderedField(models.Model):
    order = models.IntegerField()
    stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)


class AdminOrderedModelMethod(models.Model):
    order = models.IntegerField()
    stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)

    def some_order(self):
        return self.order

    some_order.admin_order_field = "order"


class AdminOrderedAdminMethod(models.Model):
    order = models.IntegerField()
    stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)


class AdminOrderedCallable(models.Model):
    order = models.IntegerField()
    stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)


class Report(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title


class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    pubdate = models.DateField()
    status = models.CharField(
        max_length=20,
        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
    )
    slug1 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
    slug2 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
    slug3 = models.SlugField(blank=True, allow_unicode=True)


class RelatedPrepopulated(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey(MainPrepopulated, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=75)
    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
    pubdate = models.DateField()
    status = models.CharField(
        max_length=20,
        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
    )
    slug1 = models.SlugField(max_length=50)
    slug2 = models.SlugField(max_length=60)


class UnorderedObject(models.Model):
    """
    Model without any defined `Meta.ordering`.
    Refs #16819.
    """

    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)


class UndeletableObject(models.Model):
    """
    Model whose show_delete in admin change_view has been disabled
    Refs #10057.
    """

    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)


class UnchangeableObject(models.Model):
    """
    Model whose change_view is disabled in admin
    Refs #20640.
    """


class UserMessenger(models.Model):
    """
    Dummy class for testing message_user functions on ModelAdmin
    """


class Simple(models.Model):
    """
    Simple model with nothing on it for use in testing
    """


class Choice(models.Model):
    choice = models.IntegerField(
        blank=True, null=True, choices=((1, "Yes"), (0, "No"), (None, "No opinion")),
    )


class ParentWithDependentChildren(models.Model):
    """
    Issue #20522
    Model where the validation of child foreign-key relationships depends
    on validation of the parent
    """

    some_required_info = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=False)


class DependentChild(models.Model):
    """
    Issue #20522
    Model that depends on validation of the parent class for one of its
    fields to validate during clean
    """

    parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithDependentChildren, models.CASCADE)
    family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)


class _Manager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return super().get_queryset().filter(pk__gt=1)


class FilteredManager(models.Model):
    def __str__(self):
        return "PK=%d" % self.pk

    pk_gt_1 = _Manager()
    objects = models.Manager()


class EmptyModelVisible(models.Model):
    """ See ticket #11277. """


class EmptyModelHidden(models.Model):
    """ See ticket #11277. """


class EmptyModelMixin(models.Model):
    """ See ticket #11277. """


class State(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="State verbose_name")


class City(models.Model):
    state = models.ForeignKey(State, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="City verbose_name")

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk


class Restaurant(models.Model):
    city = models.ForeignKey(City, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk


class Worker(models.Model):
    work_at = models.ForeignKey(Restaurant, models.CASCADE)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    surname = models.CharField(max_length=50)


# Models for #23329
class ReferencedByParent(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)


class ParentWithFK(models.Model):
    fk = models.ForeignKey(
        ReferencedByParent, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="hidden+",
    )


class ChildOfReferer(ParentWithFK):
    pass


# Models for #23431
class InlineReferer(models.Model):
    pass


class ReferencedByInline(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)


class InlineReference(models.Model):
    referer = models.ForeignKey(InlineReferer, models.CASCADE)
    fk = models.ForeignKey(
        ReferencedByInline, models.CASCADE, to_field="name", related_name="hidden+",
    )


class Recipe(models.Model):
    rname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)


class Ingredient(models.Model):
    iname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through="RecipeIngredient")


class RecipeIngredient(models.Model):
    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field="iname")
    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field="rname")


# Model for #23839
class NotReferenced(models.Model):
    # Don't point any FK at this model.
    pass


# Models for #23934
class ExplicitlyProvidedPK(models.Model):
    name = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True)


class ImplicitlyGeneratedPK(models.Model):
    name = models.IntegerField(unique=True)


# Models for #25622
class ReferencedByGenRel(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")


class GenRelReference(models.Model):
    references = GenericRelation(ReferencedByGenRel)


class ParentWithUUIDPK(models.Model):
    id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.id)


class RelatedWithUUIDPKModel(models.Model):
    parent = models.ForeignKey(
        ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True
    )


class Author(models.Model):
    pass


class Authorship(models.Model):
    book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, models.CASCADE)


class UserProxy(User):
    """Proxy a model with a different app_label."""

    class Meta:
        proxy = True

tests/admin_views/admin.py

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/tests/admin_views/admin.py

import datetime
import os
import tempfile
from io import StringIO
from wsgiref.util import FileWrapper

from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.admin import BooleanFieldListFilter
from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ChangeList
from django.contrib.auth.admin import GroupAdmin, UserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, User
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
from django.db import models
from django.forms.models import BaseModelFormSet
from django.http import HttpResponse, StreamingHttpResponse
from django.urls import path
from django.utils.html import format_html
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe

from .forms import MediaActionForm
from .models import (
    Actor,
    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
    AdminOrderedCallable,
    AdminOrderedField,
    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
    Album,
    Answer,
    Answer2,
    Article,
    BarAccount,
    Book,
    Bookmark,
    Category,
    Chapter,
    ChapterXtra1,
    Child,
    ChildOfReferer,
    Choice,
    City,
    Collector,
    Color,
    Color2,
    ComplexSortedPerson,
    CoverLetter,
    CustomArticle,
    CyclicOne,
    CyclicTwo,
    DependentChild,
    DooHickey,
    EmptyModel,
    EmptyModelHidden,
    EmptyModelMixin,
    EmptyModelVisible,
    ExplicitlyProvidedPK,
    ExternalSubscriber,
    Fabric,
    FancyDoodad,
    FieldOverridePost,
    FilteredManager,
    FooAccount,
    FoodDelivery,
    FunkyTag,
    Gadget,
    Gallery,
    GenRelReference,
    Grommet,
    ImplicitlyGeneratedPK,
    Ingredient,
    InlineReference,
    InlineReferer,
    Inquisition,
    Language,
    Link,
    MainPrepopulated,
    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
    NotReferenced,
    OldSubscriber,
    OtherStory,
    Paper,
    Parent,
    ParentWithDependentChildren,
    ParentWithUUIDPK,
    Person,
    Persona,
    Picture,
    Pizza,
    Plot,
    PlotDetails,
    PlotProxy,
    PluggableSearchPerson,
    Podcast,
    Post,
    PrePopulatedPost,
    PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug,
    PrePopulatedSubPost,
    Promo,
    Question,
    ReadablePizza,
    ReadOnlyPizza,
    Recipe,
    Recommendation,
    Recommender,
    ReferencedByGenRel,
    ReferencedByInline,
    ReferencedByParent,
    RelatedPrepopulated,
    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
    Report,
    Reservation,
    Restaurant,
    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
    Section,
    ShortMessage,
    Simple,
    Sketch,
    Song,
    State,
    Story,
    StumpJoke,
    Subscriber,
    SuperVillain,
    Telegram,
    Thing,
    Topping,
    UnchangeableObject,
    UndeletableObject,
    UnorderedObject,
    UserMessenger,
    UserProxy,
    Villain,
    Vodcast,
    Whatsit,
    Widget,
    Worker,
    WorkHour,
)


def callable_year(dt_value):
    try:
        return dt_value.year
    except AttributeError:
        return None


callable_year.admin_order_field = "date"


class ArticleInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Article
    fk_name = "section"
    prepopulated_fields = {"title": ("content",)}
    fieldsets = (
        ("Some fields", {"classes": ("collapse",), "fields": ("title", "content")}),
        ("Some other fields", {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section")}),
    )


class ChapterInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Chapter


class ChapterXtra1Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_filter = (
        "chap",
        "chap__title",
        "chap__book",
        "chap__book__name",
        "chap__book__promo",
        "chap__book__promo__name",
        "guest_author__promo__book",
    )


class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
    extra_form_field = forms.BooleanField(required=False)

    class Meta:
        fields = "__all__"
        model = Article


class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = (
        "content",
        "date",
        callable_year,
        "model_year",
        "modeladmin_year",
        "model_year_reversed",
        "section",
        lambda obj: obj.title,
        "order_by_expression",
        "model_property_year",
        "model_month",
        "order_by_f_expression",
        "order_by_orderby_expression",
    )
    list_editable = ("section",)
    list_filter = ("date", "section")
    autocomplete_fields = ("section",)
    view_on_site = False
    form = ArticleForm
    fieldsets = (
        (
            "Some fields",
            {
                "classes": ("collapse",),
                "fields": ("title", "content", "extra_form_field"),
            },
        ),
        (
            "Some other fields",
            {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section", "sub_section")},
        ),
    )

    # These orderings aren't particularly useful but show that expressions can
    # be used for admin_order_field.
    def order_by_expression(self, obj):
        return obj.model_year

    order_by_expression.admin_order_field = models.F("date") + datetime.timedelta(
        days=3
    )

    def order_by_f_expression(self, obj):
        return obj.model_year

    order_by_f_expression.admin_order_field = models.F("date")

    def order_by_orderby_expression(self, obj):
        return obj.model_year

    order_by_orderby_expression.admin_order_field = models.F("date").asc(
        nulls_last=True
    )

    def changelist_view(self, request):
        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})

    def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
        return obj.date.year

    modeladmin_year.admin_order_field = "date"
    modeladmin_year.short_description = None

    def delete_model(self, request, obj):
        EmailMessage(
            "Greetings from a deleted object",
            "I hereby inform you that some user deleted me",
            "from@example.com",
            ["to@example.com"],
        ).send()
        return super().delete_model(request, obj)

    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change=True):
        EmailMessage(
            "Greetings from a created object",
            "I hereby inform you that some user created me",
            "from@example.com",
            ["to@example.com"],
        ).send()
        return super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)


class ArticleAdmin2(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def has_module_permission(self, request):
        return False


class RowLevelChangePermissionModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """ Only allow changing objects with even id number """
        return request.user.is_staff and (obj is not None) and (obj.id % 2 == 0)

    def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """Only allow viewing objects if id is a multiple of 3."""
        return request.user.is_staff and obj is not None and obj.id % 3 == 0


class CustomArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    """
    Tests various hooks for using custom templates and contexts.
    """

    change_list_template = "custom_admin/change_list.html"
    change_form_template = "custom_admin/change_form.html"
    add_form_template = "custom_admin/add_form.html"
    object_history_template = "custom_admin/object_history.html"
    delete_confirmation_template = "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html"
    delete_selected_confirmation_template = (
        "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
    )
    popup_response_template = "custom_admin/popup_response.html"

    def changelist_view(self, request):
        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})


class ThingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_filter = ("color", "color__warm", "color__value", "pub_date")


class InquisitionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("leader", "country", "expected", "sketch")

    def sketch(self, obj):
        # A method with the same name as a reverse accessor.
        return "list-display-sketch"


class SketchAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    raw_id_fields = ("inquisition", "defendant0", "defendant1")


class FabricAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("surface",)
    list_filter = ("surface",)


class BasePersonModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
    def clean(self):
        for person_dict in self.cleaned_data:
            person = person_dict.get("id")
            alive = person_dict.get("alive")
            if person and alive and person.name == "Grace Hopper":
                raise forms.ValidationError("Grace is not a Zombie")


class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "gender", "alive")
    list_editable = ("gender", "alive")
    list_filter = ("gender",)
    search_fields = ("^name",)
    save_as = True

    def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
        return super().get_changelist_formset(
            request, formset=BasePersonModelFormSet, **kwargs
        )

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        # Order by a field that isn't in list display, to be able to test
        # whether ordering is preserved.
        return super().get_queryset(request).order_by("age")


class FooAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
    model = FooAccount
    extra = 1


class BarAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
    model = BarAccount
    extra = 1


class PersonaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = (FooAccountAdmin, BarAccountAdmin)


class SubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = ["mail_admin"]
    action_form = MediaActionForm

    def delete_queryset(self, request, queryset):
        SubscriberAdmin.overridden = True
        super().delete_queryset(request, queryset)

    def mail_admin(self, request, selected):
        EmailMessage(
            "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action",
            "This is the test email from an admin action",
            "from@example.com",
            ["to@example.com"],
        ).send()


def external_mail(modeladmin, request, selected):
    EmailMessage(
        "Greetings from a function action",
        "This is the test email from a function action",
        "from@example.com",
        ["to@example.com"],
    ).send()


external_mail.short_description = "External mail (Another awesome action)"


def redirect_to(modeladmin, request, selected):
    from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect

    return HttpResponseRedirect("/some-where-else/")


redirect_to.short_description = "Redirect to (Awesome action)"


def download(modeladmin, request, selected):
    buf = StringIO("This is the content of the file")
    return StreamingHttpResponse(FileWrapper(buf))


download.short_description = "Download subscription"


def no_perm(modeladmin, request, selected):
    return HttpResponse(content="No permission to perform this action", status=403)


no_perm.short_description = "No permission to run"


class ExternalSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = [redirect_to, external_mail, download, no_perm]


class PodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "release_date")
    list_editable = ("release_date",)
    date_hierarchy = "release_date"
    ordering = ("name",)


class VodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "released")
    list_editable = ("released",)

    ordering = ("name",)


class ChildInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Child


class ParentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    model = Parent
    inlines = [ChildInline]
    save_as = True
    list_display = (
        "id",
        "name",
    )
    list_display_links = ("id",)
    list_editable = ("name",)

    def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change):
        super().save_related(request, form, formsets, change)
        first_name, last_name = form.instance.name.split()
        for child in form.instance.child_set.all():
            if len(child.name.split()) < 2:
                child.name = child.name + " " + last_name
                child.save()


class EmptyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).filter(pk__gt=1)


class OldSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = None


temp_storage = FileSystemStorage(tempfile.mkdtemp())
UPLOAD_TO = os.path.join(temp_storage.location, "test_upload")


class PictureInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Picture
    extra = 1


class GalleryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [PictureInline]


class PictureAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass


class LanguageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["iso", "shortlist", "english_name", "name"]
    list_editable = ["shortlist"]


class RecommendationAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    show_full_result_count = False
    search_fields = (
        "=titletranslation__text",
        "=the_recommender__titletranslation__text",
    )


class WidgetInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Widget


class DooHickeyInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = DooHickey


class GrommetInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Grommet


class WhatsitInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Whatsit


class FancyDoodadInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = FancyDoodad


class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("id", "collector", "order")
    list_editable = ("order",)


class CategoryInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Category


class CollectorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        WidgetInline,
        DooHickeyInline,
        GrommetInline,
        WhatsitInline,
        FancyDoodadInline,
        CategoryInline,
    ]


class LinkInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Link
    extra = 1

    readonly_fields = ("posted", "multiline", "readonly_link_content")

    def multiline(self, instance):
        return "InlineMultiline\ntest\nstring"


class SubPostInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = PrePopulatedSubPost

    prepopulated_fields = {"subslug": ("subtitle",)}

    def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj and obj.published:
            return ("subslug",)
        return self.readonly_fields

    def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj and obj.published:
            return {}
        return self.prepopulated_fields


class PrePopulatedPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["title", "slug"]
    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}

    inlines = [SubPostInline]

    def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj and obj.published:
            return ("slug",)
        return self.readonly_fields

    def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj and obj.published:
            return {}
        return self.prepopulated_fields


class PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}

    def has_change_permission(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return False


class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["title", "public"]
    readonly_fields = (
        "posted",
        "awesomeness_level",
        "coolness",
        "value",
        "multiline",
        "multiline_html",
        lambda obj: "foo",
        "readonly_content",
    )

    inlines = [LinkInline]

    def coolness(self, instance):
        if instance.pk:
            return "%d amount of cool." % instance.pk
        else:
            return "Unknown coolness."

    def value(self, instance):
        return 1000

    value.short_description = "Value in $US"

    def multiline(self, instance):
        return "Multiline\ntest\nstring"

    def multiline_html(self, instance):
        return mark_safe("Multiline<br>\nhtml<br>\ncontent")


class FieldOverridePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
    model = FieldOverridePost

    class Meta:
        help_texts = {
            "posted": "Overridden help text for the date",
        }
        labels = {
            "public": "Overridden public label",
        }


class FieldOverridePostAdmin(PostAdmin):
    form = FieldOverridePostForm


class CustomChangeList(ChangeList):
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return self.root_queryset.order_by("pk").filter(pk=9999)  # Doesn't exist


class GadgetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_changelist(self, request, **kwargs):
        return CustomChangeList


class ToppingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    readonly_fields = ("pizzas",)


class PizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    readonly_fields = ("toppings",)


class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    search_fields = ("name",)


class ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    readonly_fields = ("name", "toppings")

    def has_add_permission(self, request):
        return False

    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        return True

    def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        return True


class WorkHourAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("datum", "employee")
    list_filter = ("employee",)


class FoodDeliveryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("reference", "driver", "restaurant")
    list_editable = ("driver", "restaurant")


class CoverLetterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    """
    A ModelAdmin with a custom get_queryset() method that uses defer(), to test
    verbose_name display in messages shown after adding/editing CoverLetter
    instances. Note that the CoverLetter model defines a __str__ method.
    For testing fix for ticket #14529.
    """

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("date_written")


class PaperAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    """
    A ModelAdmin with a custom get_queryset() method that uses only(), to test
    verbose_name display in messages shown after adding/editing Paper
    instances.
    For testing fix for ticket #14529.
    """

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")


class ShortMessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    """
    A ModelAdmin with a custom get_queryset() method that uses defer(), to test
    verbose_name display in messages shown after adding/editing ShortMessage
    instances.
    For testing fix for ticket #14529.
    """

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("timestamp")


class TelegramAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    """
    A ModelAdmin with a custom get_queryset() method that uses only(), to test
    verbose_name display in messages shown after adding/editing Telegram
    instances. Note that the Telegram model defines a __str__ method.
    For testing fix for ticket #14529.
    """

    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")


class StoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        widgets = {"title": forms.HiddenInput}


class StoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
    list_display_links = ("title",)  # 'id' not in list_display_links
    list_editable = ("content",)
    form = StoryForm
    ordering = ["-id"]


class OtherStoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
    list_display_links = ("title", "id")  # 'id' in list_display_links
    list_editable = ("content",)
    ordering = ["-id"]


class ComplexSortedPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "age", "is_employee", "colored_name")
    ordering = ("name",)

    def colored_name(self, obj):
        return format_html('<span style="color: #ff00ff;">{}</span>', obj.name)

    colored_name.admin_order_field = "name"


class PluggableSearchPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "age")
    search_fields = ("name",)

    def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
        queryset, use_distinct = super().get_search_results(
            request, queryset, search_term
        )
        try:
            search_term_as_int = int(search_term)
        except ValueError:
            pass
        else:
            queryset |= self.model.objects.filter(age=search_term_as_int)
        return queryset, use_distinct


class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_filter = ["title"]


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ordering = ["-posted"]
    search_fields = ["question"]
    autocomplete_fields = ["related_questions"]


class AnswerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    autocomplete_fields = ["question"]


class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlugAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}


class AdminOrderedFieldAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ordering = ("order",)
    list_display = ("stuff", "order")


class AdminOrderedModelMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ordering = ("order",)
    list_display = ("stuff", "some_order")


class AdminOrderedAdminMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def some_admin_order(self, obj):
        return obj.order

    some_admin_order.admin_order_field = "order"
    ordering = ("order",)
    list_display = ("stuff", "some_admin_order")


def admin_ordered_callable(obj):
    return obj.order


admin_ordered_callable.admin_order_field = "order"


class AdminOrderedCallableAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ordering = ("order",)
    list_display = ("stuff", admin_ordered_callable)


class ReportAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def extra(self, request):
        return HttpResponse()

    def get_urls(self):
        # Corner case: Don't call parent implementation
        return [path("extra/", self.extra, name="cable_extra")]


class CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter(BooleanFieldListFilter):
    template = "custom_filter_template.html"


class CustomTemplateFilterColorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_filter = (("warm", CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter),)


# For Selenium Prepopulated tests -------------------------------------
class RelatedPrepopulatedInline1(admin.StackedInline):
    fieldsets = (
        (
            None,
            {
                "fields": (
                    ("fk", "m2m"),
                    ("pubdate", "status"),
                    ("name", "slug1", "slug2",),
                ),
            },
        ),
    )
    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
    model = RelatedPrepopulated
    extra = 1
    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
    prepopulated_fields = {
        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
    }


class RelatedPrepopulatedInline2(admin.TabularInline):
    model = RelatedPrepopulated
    extra = 1
    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
    prepopulated_fields = {
        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
    }


class RelatedPrepopulatedInline3(admin.TabularInline):
    model = RelatedPrepopulated
    extra = 0
    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]


class MainPrepopulatedAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        RelatedPrepopulatedInline1,
        RelatedPrepopulatedInline2,
        RelatedPrepopulatedInline3,
    ]
    fieldsets = (
        (
            None,
            {"fields": (("pubdate", "status"), ("name", "slug1", "slug2", "slug3"))},
        ),
    )
    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
    prepopulated_fields = {
        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
        "slug3": ["name"],
    }


class UnorderedObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["id", "name"]
    list_display_links = ["id"]
    list_editable = ["name"]
    list_per_page = 2


class UndeletableObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def change_view(self, *args, **kwargs):
        kwargs["extra_context"] = {"show_delete": False}
        return super().change_view(*args, **kwargs)


class UnchangeableObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_urls(self):
        # Disable change_view, but leave other urls untouched
        urlpatterns = super().get_urls()
        return [p for p in urlpatterns if p.name and not p.name.endswith("_change")]


def callable_on_unknown(obj):
    return obj.unknown


class AttributeErrorRaisingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = [callable_on_unknown]


class CustomManagerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return FilteredManager.objects


class MessageTestingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = [
        "message_debug",
        "message_info",
        "message_success",
        "message_warning",
        "message_error",
        "message_extra_tags",
    ]

    def message_debug(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test debug", level="debug")

    def message_info(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test info", level="info")

    def message_success(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test success", level="success")

    def message_warning(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test warning", level="warning")

    def message_error(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test error", level="error")

    def message_extra_tags(self, request, selected):
        self.message_user(request, "Test tags", extra_tags="extra_tag")


class ChoiceList(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["choice"]
    readonly_fields = ["choice"]
    fields = ["choice"]


class DependentChildAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
    """
    Issue #20522
    Form to test child dependency on parent object's validation
    """

    def clean(self):
        parent = self.cleaned_data.get("parent")
        if parent.family_name and parent.family_name != self.cleaned_data.get(
            "family_name"
        ):
            raise ValidationError(
                "Children must share a family name with their parents "
                + "in this contrived test case"
            )
        return super().clean()


class DependentChildInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = DependentChild
    form = DependentChildAdminForm


class ParentWithDependentChildrenAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [DependentChildInline]


# Tests for ticket 11277 ----------------------------------


class FormWithoutHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
    first = forms.CharField()
    second = forms.CharField()


class FormWithoutVisibleField(forms.ModelForm):
    first = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)
    second = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)


class FormWithVisibleAndHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
    first = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)
    second = forms.CharField()


class EmptyModelVisibleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = FormWithoutHiddenField
    fieldsets = ((None, {"fields": (("first", "second"),),}),)


class EmptyModelHiddenAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = FormWithoutVisibleField
    fieldsets = EmptyModelVisibleAdmin.fieldsets


class EmptyModelMixinAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = FormWithVisibleAndHiddenField
    fieldsets = EmptyModelVisibleAdmin.fieldsets


class CityInlineAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
    model = City
    view_on_site = False


class StateAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
    nolabel_form_field = forms.BooleanField(required=False)

    class Meta:
        model = State
        fields = "__all__"
        labels = {"name": "State name (from form’s Meta.labels)"}

    @property
    def changed_data(self):
        data = super().changed_data
        if data:
            # Add arbitrary name to changed_data to test
            # change message construction.
            return data + ["not_a_form_field"]
        return data


class StateAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [CityInlineAdmin]
    form = StateAdminForm


class RestaurantInlineAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Restaurant
    view_on_site = True


class CityAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [RestaurantInlineAdmin]
    view_on_site = True


class WorkerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def view_on_site(self, obj):
        return "/worker/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)


class WorkerInlineAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Worker

    def view_on_site(self, obj):
        return "/worker_inline/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)


class RestaurantAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [WorkerInlineAdmin]
    view_on_site = False

    def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request):
        return {"name": "overridden_value"}


class FunkyTagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "content_object")


class InlineReferenceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = InlineReference


class InlineRefererAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [InlineReferenceInline]


class PlotReadonlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    readonly_fields = ("plotdetails",)


class GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ["name"]

    def add_view(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request.is_add_view = True
        return super().add_view(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def change_view(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request.is_add_view = False
        return super().change_view(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
        if request.is_add_view and obj is not None:
            raise Exception(
                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines wasn't None during add_view"
            )
        if not request.is_add_view and obj is None:
            raise Exception(
                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines was None during change_view"
            )
        return super().get_formsets_with_inlines(request, obj)


site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
site.site_url = "/my-site-url/"
site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)
site.register(CustomArticle, CustomArticleAdmin)
site.register(
    Section,
    save_as=True,
    inlines=[ArticleInline],
    readonly_fields=["name_property"],
    search_fields=["name"],
)
site.register(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
site.register(Color)
site.register(Thing, ThingAdmin)
site.register(Actor)
site.register(Inquisition, InquisitionAdmin)
site.register(Sketch, SketchAdmin)
site.register(Person, PersonAdmin)
site.register(Persona, PersonaAdmin)
site.register(Subscriber, SubscriberAdmin)
site.register(ExternalSubscriber, ExternalSubscriberAdmin)
site.register(OldSubscriber, OldSubscriberAdmin)
site.register(Podcast, PodcastAdmin)
site.register(Vodcast, VodcastAdmin)
site.register(Parent, ParentAdmin)
site.register(EmptyModel, EmptyModelAdmin)
site.register(Fabric, FabricAdmin)
site.register(Gallery, GalleryAdmin)
site.register(Picture, PictureAdmin)
site.register(Language, LanguageAdmin)
site.register(Recommendation, RecommendationAdmin)
site.register(Recommender)
site.register(Collector, CollectorAdmin)
site.register(Category, CategoryAdmin)
site.register(Post, PostAdmin)
site.register(FieldOverridePost, FieldOverridePostAdmin)
site.register(Gadget, GadgetAdmin)
site.register(Villain)
site.register(SuperVillain)
site.register(Plot)
site.register(PlotDetails)
site.register(PlotProxy, PlotReadonlyAdmin)
site.register(Bookmark)
site.register(CyclicOne)
site.register(CyclicTwo)
site.register(WorkHour, WorkHourAdmin)
site.register(Reservation)
site.register(FoodDelivery, FoodDeliveryAdmin)
site.register(RowLevelChangePermissionModel, RowLevelChangePermissionModelAdmin)
site.register(Paper, PaperAdmin)
site.register(CoverLetter, CoverLetterAdmin)
site.register(ShortMessage, ShortMessageAdmin)
site.register(Telegram, TelegramAdmin)
site.register(Story, StoryAdmin)
site.register(OtherStory, OtherStoryAdmin)
site.register(Report, ReportAdmin)
site.register(MainPrepopulated, MainPrepopulatedAdmin)
site.register(UnorderedObject, UnorderedObjectAdmin)
site.register(UndeletableObject, UndeletableObjectAdmin)
site.register(UnchangeableObject, UnchangeableObjectAdmin)
site.register(State, StateAdmin)
site.register(City, CityAdmin)
site.register(Restaurant, RestaurantAdmin)
site.register(Worker, WorkerAdmin)
site.register(FunkyTag, FunkyTagAdmin)
site.register(ReferencedByParent)
site.register(ChildOfReferer)
site.register(ReferencedByInline)
site.register(InlineReferer, InlineRefererAdmin)
site.register(ReferencedByGenRel)
site.register(GenRelReference)
site.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
site.register(RelatedPrepopulated, search_fields=["name"])
site.register(RelatedWithUUIDPKModel)

# We intentionally register Promo and ChapterXtra1 but not Chapter nor ChapterXtra2.
# That way we cover all four cases:
#     related ForeignKey object registered in admin
#     related ForeignKey object not registered in admin
#     related OneToOne object registered in admin
#     related OneToOne object not registered in admin
# when deleting Book so as exercise all four paths through
# contrib.admin.utils's get_deleted_objects function.
site.register(Book, inlines=[ChapterInline])
site.register(Promo)
site.register(ChapterXtra1, ChapterXtra1Admin)
site.register(Pizza, PizzaAdmin)
site.register(ReadOnlyPizza, ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin)
site.register(ReadablePizza)
site.register(Topping, ToppingAdmin)
site.register(Album, AlbumAdmin)
site.register(Song)
site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin, date_hierarchy="question__posted")
site.register(Answer2, date_hierarchy="question__expires")
site.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostAdmin)
site.register(ComplexSortedPerson, ComplexSortedPersonAdmin)
site.register(FilteredManager, CustomManagerAdmin)
site.register(PluggableSearchPerson, PluggableSearchPersonAdmin)
site.register(PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug, PrePopulatedPostLargeSlugAdmin)
site.register(AdminOrderedField, AdminOrderedFieldAdmin)
site.register(AdminOrderedModelMethod, AdminOrderedModelMethodAdmin)
site.register(AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedAdminMethodAdmin)
site.register(AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedCallableAdmin)
site.register(Color2, CustomTemplateFilterColorAdmin)
site.register(Simple, AttributeErrorRaisingAdmin)
site.register(UserMessenger, MessageTestingAdmin)
site.register(Choice, ChoiceList)
site.register(ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithDependentChildrenAdmin)
site.register(EmptyModelHidden, EmptyModelHiddenAdmin)
site.register(EmptyModelVisible, EmptyModelVisibleAdmin)
site.register(EmptyModelMixin, EmptyModelMixinAdmin)
site.register(StumpJoke)
site.register(Recipe)
site.register(Ingredient)
site.register(NotReferenced)
site.register(ExplicitlyProvidedPK, GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin)
site.register(ImplicitlyGeneratedPK, GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin)
site.register(UserProxy)

# Register core models we need in our tests
site.register(User, UserAdmin)
site.register(Group, GroupAdmin)

# Used to test URL namespaces
site2 = admin.AdminSite(name="namespaced_admin")
site2.register(User, UserAdmin)
site2.register(Group, GroupAdmin)
site2.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
site2.register(
    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
    list_display=["pk", "parent"],
    list_editable=["parent"],
    raw_id_fields=["parent"],
)
site2.register(Person, save_as_continue=False)

site7 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin7")
site7.register(Article, ArticleAdmin2)
site7.register(Section)
site7.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin)


# Used to test ModelAdmin.sortable_by and get_sortable_by().
class ArticleAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = (
        "content",
        "date",
        callable_year,
        "model_year",
        "modeladmin_year",
        "model_year_reversed",
        "section",
    )
    sortable_by = ("date", callable_year)

    def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
        return obj.date.year

    modeladmin_year.admin_order_field = "date"


class ActorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("name", "age")
    sortable_by = ("name",)

    def get_sortable_by(self, request):
        return ("age",)


class ChapterAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("title", "book")
    sortable_by = ()


class ColorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("value",)

    def get_sortable_by(self, request):
        return ()


site6 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin6")
site6.register(Article, ArticleAdmin6)
site6.register(Actor, ActorAdmin6)
site6.register(Chapter, ChapterAdmin6)
site6.register(Color, ColorAdmin6)


class ArticleAdmin9(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        # Simulate that the user can't change a specific object.
        return obj is None


site9 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin9")
site9.register(Article, ArticleAdmin9)

tests/admin_views/tests.py

See also

• https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/tests/admin_views/tests.py

import datetime
import os
import re
import unittest
from unittest import mock
from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urljoin, urlparse

import pytz

from django.contrib.admin import AdminSite, ModelAdmin
from django.contrib.admin.helpers import ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME
from django.contrib.admin.models import ADDITION, DELETION, LogEntry
from django.contrib.admin.options import TO_FIELD_VAR
from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
from django.contrib.admin.tests import AdminSeleniumTestCase
from django.contrib.admin.utils import quote
from django.contrib.admin.views.main import IS_POPUP_VAR
from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, get_permission_codename
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, Permission, User
from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.core import mail
from django.core.checks import Error
from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
from django.test import (
    TestCase,
    modify_settings,
    override_settings,
    skipUnlessDBFeature,
)
from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve, reverse
from django.utils import formats, translation
from django.utils.cache import get_max_age
from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
from django.utils.html import escape
from django.utils.http import urlencode

from . import customadmin
from .admin import CityAdmin, site, site2
from .models import (
    Actor,
    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
    AdminOrderedCallable,
    AdminOrderedField,
    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
    Album,
    Answer,
    Answer2,
    Article,
    BarAccount,
    Book,
    Bookmark,
    Category,
    Chapter,
    ChapterXtra1,
    ChapterXtra2,
    Character,
    Child,
    Choice,
    City,
    Collector,
    Color,
    ComplexSortedPerson,
    CoverLetter,
    CustomArticle,
    CyclicOne,
    CyclicTwo,
    DooHickey,
    Employee,
    EmptyModel,
    Fabric,
    FancyDoodad,
    FieldOverridePost,
    FilteredManager,
    FooAccount,
    FoodDelivery,
    FunkyTag,
    Gallery,
    Grommet,
    Inquisition,
    Language,
    Link,
    MainPrepopulated,
    Media,
    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
    OtherStory,
    Paper,
    Parent,
    ParentWithDependentChildren,
    ParentWithUUIDPK,
    Person,
    Persona,
    Picture,
    Pizza,
    Plot,
    PlotDetails,
    PluggableSearchPerson,
    Podcast,
    Post,
    PrePopulatedPost,
    Promo,
    Question,
    ReadablePizza,
    ReadOnlyPizza,
    Recommendation,
    Recommender,
    RelatedPrepopulated,
    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
    Report,
    Restaurant,
    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
    SecretHideout,
    Section,
    ShortMessage,
    Simple,
    Song,
    State,
    Story,
    SuperSecretHideout,
    SuperVillain,
    Telegram,
    TitleTranslation,
    Topping,
    UnchangeableObject,
    UndeletableObject,
    UnorderedObject,
    UserProxy,
    Villain,
    Vodcast,
    Whatsit,
    Widget,
    Worker,
    WorkHour,
)

ERROR_MESSAGE = "Please enter the correct username and password \
for a staff account. Note that both fields may be case-sensitive."

MULTIPART_ENCTYPE = 'enctype="multipart/form-data"'


class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
    """
    Helper methods for extracting data from AdminForm.
    """

    def get_admin_form_fields(self, response):
        """
        Return a list of AdminFields for the AdminForm in the response.
        """
        fields = []
        for fieldset in response.context["adminform"]:
            for field_line in fieldset:
                fields.extend(field_line)
        return fields

    def get_admin_readonly_fields(self, response):
        """
        Return the readonly fields for the response's AdminForm.
        """
        return [f for f in self.get_admin_form_fields(response) if f.is_readonly]

    def get_admin_readonly_field(self, response, field_name):
        """
        Return the readonly field for the given field_name.
        """
        admin_readonly_fields = self.get_admin_readonly_fields(response)
        for field in admin_readonly_fields:
            if field.field["name"] == field_name:
                return field


@override_settings(
    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls", USE_I18N=True, USE_L10N=False, LANGUAGE_CODE="en"
)
class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
        )
        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
        )
        cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value="Red", warm=True)
        cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value="Orange", warm=True)
        cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value="Blue", warm=False)
        cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value="Green", warm=False)
        cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="x")
        cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="y")
        cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="plain")
        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 1")
        cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 2")
        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 1", book=cls.b1)
        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 2", book=cls.b2)
        cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
        )
        cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
        )
        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(
            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
        )
        cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(
            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
        )
        cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra="ChapterXtra1 1")
        cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra="ChapterXtra1 2")
        Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)

        # Post data for edit inline
        cls.inline_post_data = {
            "name": "Test section",
            # inline data
            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "6",
            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
            "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
            "article_set-0-id": cls.a1.pk,
            # there is no title in database, give one here or formset will fail.
            "article_set-0-title": "Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer",
            "article_set-0-content": "&lt;p&gt;Middle content&lt;/p&gt;",
            "article_set-0-date_0": "2008-03-18",
            "article_set-0-date_1": "11:54:58",
            "article_set-0-section": cls.s1.pk,
            "article_set-1-id": cls.a2.pk,
            "article_set-1-title": "Need a title.",
            "article_set-1-content": "&lt;p&gt;Oldest content&lt;/p&gt;",
            "article_set-1-date_0": "2000-03-18",
            "article_set-1-date_1": "11:54:58",
            "article_set-2-id": cls.a3.pk,
            "article_set-2-title": "Need a title.",
            "article_set-2-content": "&lt;p&gt;Newest content&lt;/p&gt;",
            "article_set-2-date_0": "2009-03-18",
            "article_set-2-date_1": "11:54:58",
            "article_set-3-id": "",
            "article_set-3-title": "",
            "article_set-3-content": "",
            "article_set-3-date_0": "",
            "article_set-3-date_1": "",
            "article_set-4-id": "",
            "article_set-4-title": "",
            "article_set-4-content": "",
            "article_set-4-date_0": "",
            "article_set-4-date_1": "",
            "article_set-5-id": "",
            "article_set-5-title": "",
            "article_set-5-content": "",
            "article_set-5-date_0": "",
            "article_set-5-date_1": "",
        }

    def setUp(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)

    def assertContentBefore(self, response, text1, text2, failing_msg=None):
        """
        Testing utility asserting that text1 appears before text2 in response
        content.
        """
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertLess(
            response.content.index(text1.encode()),
            response.content.index(text2.encode()),
            (failing_msg or "")
            + "\nResponse:\n"
            + response.content.decode(response.charset),
        )


class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
    def test_trailing_slash_required(self):
        """
        If you leave off the trailing slash, app should redirect and add it.
        """
        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
        response = self.client.get(add_url[:-1])
        self.assertRedirects(response, add_url, status_code=301)

    def test_basic_add_GET(self):
        """
        A smoke test to ensure GET on the add_view works.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_add_with_GET_args(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {"name": "My Section"}
        )
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            'value="My Section"',
            msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response",
        )

    def test_basic_edit_GET(self):
        """
        A smoke test to ensure GET on the change_view works.
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
        )
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_basic_edit_GET_string_PK(self):
        """
        GET on the change_view (when passing a string as the PK argument for a
        model with an integer PK field) redirects to the index page with a
        message saying the object doesn't exist.
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)),
            follow=True,
        )
        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(
            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
            ["section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
        )

    def test_basic_edit_GET_old_url_redirect(self):
        """
        The change URL changed in Django 1.9, but the old one still redirects.
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace(
                "change/", ""
            )
        )
        self.assertRedirects(
            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
        )

    def test_basic_inheritance_GET_string_PK(self):
        """
        GET on the change_view (for inherited models) redirects to the index
        page with a message saying the object doesn't exist.
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_change", args=("abc",)), follow=True
        )
        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(
            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
            ["super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
        )

    def test_basic_add_POST(self):
        """
        A smoke test to ensure POST on add_view works.
        """
        post_data = {
            "name": "Another Section",
            # inline data
            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
            "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
        }
        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), post_data)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere

    def test_popup_add_POST(self):
        """
        Ensure http response from a popup is properly escaped.
        """
        post_data = {
            "_popup": "1",
            "title": "title with a new\nline",
            "content": "some content",
            "date_0": "2010-09-10",
            "date_1": "14:55:39",
        }
        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), post_data)
        self.assertContains(response, "title with a new\\nline")

    def test_basic_edit_POST(self):
        """
        A smoke test to ensure POST on edit_view works.
        """
        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
        response = self.client.post(url, self.inline_post_data)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere

    def test_edit_save_as(self):
        """
        Test "save as".
        """
        post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
        post_data.update(
            {
                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
                "article_set-1-section": "1",
                "article_set-2-section": "1",
                "article_set-3-section": "1",
                "article_set-4-section": "1",
                "article_set-5-section": "1",
            }
        )
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere

    def test_edit_save_as_delete_inline(self):
        """
        Should be able to "Save as new" while also deleting an inline.
        """
        post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
        post_data.update(
            {
                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
                "article_set-1-section": "1",
                "article_set-2-section": "1",
                "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
                "article_set-3-section": "1",
            }
        )
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        # started with 3 articles, one was deleted.
        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").article_set.count(), 2)

    def test_change_list_column_field_classes(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
        # callables display the callable name.
        self.assertContains(response, "column-callable_year")
        self.assertContains(response, "field-callable_year")
        # lambdas display as "lambda" + index that they appear in list_display.
        self.assertContains(response, "column-lambda8")
        self.assertContains(response, "field-lambda8")

    def test_change_list_sorting_callable(self):
        """
        Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a callable
        (column 2 is callable_year in ArticleAdmin)
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 2}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Oldest content",
            "Middle content",
            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Middle content",
            "Newest content",
            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
        )

    def test_change_list_sorting_property(self):
        """
        Sort on a list_display field that is a property (column 10 is
        a property in Article model).
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 10}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Oldest content",
            "Middle content",
            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Middle content",
            "Newest content",
            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
        )

    def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression(self):
        """Query expressions may be used for admin_order_field."""
        tests = [
            ("order_by_expression", 9),
            ("order_by_f_expression", 12),
            ("order_by_orderby_expression", 13),
        ]
        for admin_order_field, index in tests:
            with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                response = self.client.get(
                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": index},
                )
                self.assertContentBefore(
                    response,
                    "Oldest content",
                    "Middle content",
                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                )
                self.assertContentBefore(
                    response,
                    "Middle content",
                    "Newest content",
                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                )

    def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression_reverse(self):
        tests = [
            ("order_by_expression", -9),
            ("order_by_f_expression", -12),
            ("order_by_orderby_expression", -13),
        ]
        for admin_order_field, index in tests:
            with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                response = self.client.get(
                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": index},
                )
                self.assertContentBefore(
                    response,
                    "Middle content",
                    "Oldest content",
                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                )
                self.assertContentBefore(
                    response,
                    "Newest content",
                    "Middle content",
                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                )

    def test_change_list_sorting_model(self):
        """
        Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a Model method
        (column 3 is 'model_year' in ArticleAdmin)
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-3"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Newest content",
            "Middle content",
            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Middle content",
            "Oldest content",
            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
        )

    def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin(self):
        """
        Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin method
        (column 4 is 'modeladmin_year' in ArticleAdmin)
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "4"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Oldest content",
            "Middle content",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "Middle content",
            "Newest content",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )

    def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin_reverse(self):
        """
        Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin
        method in reverse order (i.e. admin_order_field uses the '-' prefix)
        (column 6 is 'model_year_reverse' in ArticleAdmin)
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "6"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "2009",
            "2008",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "2008",
            "2000",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )
        # Let's make sure the ordering is right and that we don't get a
        # FieldError when we change to descending order
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-6"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "2000",
            "2008",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(
            response,
            "2008",
            "2009",
            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
        )

    def test_change_list_sorting_multiple(self):
        p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=1, alive=True)
        p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=True)
        p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True)
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))

        # Sort by name, gender
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "1.2"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)

        # Sort by gender descending, name
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "-2.1"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link3)
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)

    def test_change_list_sorting_preserve_queryset_ordering(self):
        """
        If no ordering is defined in `ModelAdmin.ordering` or in the query
        string, then the underlying order of the queryset should not be
        changed, even if it is defined in `Modeladmin.get_queryset()`.
        Refs #11868, #7309.
        """
        p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Amy", gender=1, alive=True, age=80)
        p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True, age=70)
        p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=False, age=60)
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))

        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {})
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link2)
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)

    def test_change_list_sorting_model_meta(self):
        # Test ordering on Model Meta is respected

        l1 = Language.objects.create(iso="ur", name="Urdu")
        l2 = Language.objects.create(iso="ar", name="Arabic")
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l1.pk),))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l2.pk),))

        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {})
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)

        # Test we can override with query string
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {"o": "-1"}
        )
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)

    def test_change_list_sorting_override_model_admin(self):
        # Test ordering on Model Admin is respected, and overrides Model Meta
        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
        p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
        p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p1.pk,))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p2.pk,))

        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)

    def test_multiple_sort_same_field(self):
        # The changelist displays the correct columns if two columns correspond
        # to the same ordering field.
        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
        p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
        p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p1.pk),))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p2.pk),))

        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)

        p1 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
        p2 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p1.pk,))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p2.pk,))

        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist"), {}
        )
        # Should have 5 columns (including action checkbox col)
        self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=5)

        self.assertContains(response, "Name")
        self.assertContains(response, "Colored name")

        # Check order
        self.assertContentBefore(response, "Name", "Colored name")

        # Check sorting - should be by name
        self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)

    def test_sort_indicators_admin_order(self):
        """
        The admin shows default sort indicators for all kinds of 'ordering'
        fields: field names, method on the model admin and model itself, and
        other callables. See #17252.
        """
        models = [
            (AdminOrderedField, "adminorderedfield"),
            (AdminOrderedModelMethod, "adminorderedmodelmethod"),
            (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, "adminorderedadminmethod"),
            (AdminOrderedCallable, "adminorderedcallable"),
        ]
        for model, url in models:
            model.objects.create(stuff="The Last Item", order=3)
            model.objects.create(stuff="The First Item", order=1)
            model.objects.create(stuff="The Middle Item", order=2)
            response = self.client.get(
                reverse("admin:admin_views_%s_changelist" % url), {}
            )
            self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
            # Should have 3 columns including action checkbox col.
            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=3, msg_prefix=url)
            # Check if the correct column was selected. 2 is the index of the
            # 'order' column in the model admin's 'list_display' with 0 being
            # the implicit 'action_checkbox' and 1 being the column 'stuff'.
            self.assertEqual(
                response.context["cl"].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: "asc"}
            )
            # Check order of records.
            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The First Item", "The Middle Item")
            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The Middle Item", "The Last Item")

    def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_fk(self):
        """Joins shouldn't be performed for <FK>_id fields in list display."""
        state = State.objects.create(name="Karnataka")
        City.objects.create(state=state, name="Bangalore")
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_city_changelist"), {})

        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state"]
        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)

        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state_id"]
        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)

    def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_o2o(self):
        """Joins shouldn't be performed for <O2O>_id fields in list display."""
        media = Media.objects.create(name="Foo")
        Vodcast.objects.create(media=media)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist"), {})

        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media"]
        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)

        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media_id"]
        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)

    def test_limited_filter(self):
        """Ensure admin changelist filters do not contain objects excluded via limit_choices_to.
        This also tests relation-spanning filters (e.g. 'color__value').
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<div id="changelist-filter">',
            msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view",
        )
        self.assertNotContains(
            response,
            '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
            msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to",
        )

    def test_relation_spanning_filters(self):
        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
        self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
        filters = {
            "chap__id__exact": {
                "values": [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
            },
            "chap__title": {
                "values": [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
            },
            "chap__book__id__exact": {
                "values": [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
            },
            "chap__book__name": {
                "values": [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
            },
            "chap__book__promo__id__exact": {
                "values": [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
                    id=value
                ).exists(),
            },
            "chap__book__promo__name": {
                "values": [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
                    name=value
                ).exists(),
            },
            # A forward relation (book) after a reverse relation (promo).
            "guest_author__promo__book__id__exact": {
                "values": [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(
                    book=value
                ).exists(),
            },
        }
        for filter_path, params in filters.items():
            for value in params["values"]:
                query_string = urlencode({filter_path: value})
                # ensure filter link exists
                self.assertContains(response, '<a href="?%s"' % query_string)
                # ensure link works
                filtered_response = self.client.get(
                    "%s?%s" % (changelist_url, query_string)
                )
                self.assertEqual(filtered_response.status_code, 200)
                # ensure changelist contains only valid objects
                for obj in filtered_response.context["cl"].queryset.all():
                    self.assertTrue(params["test"](obj, value))

    def test_incorrect_lookup_parameters(self):
        """Ensure incorrect lookup parameters are handled gracefully."""
        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield": "5"})
        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)

        # Spanning relationships through a nonexistent related object (Refs #16716)
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield__whatever": "5"})
        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)

        response = self.client.get(
            changelist_url, {"color__id__exact": "StringNotInteger!"}
        )
        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)

        # Regression test for #18530
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"pub_date__gte": "foo"})
        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)

    def test_isnull_lookups(self):
        """Ensure is_null is handled correctly."""
        Article.objects.create(
            title="I Could Go Anywhere",
            content="Versatile",
            date=datetime.datetime.now(),
        )
        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
        self.assertContains(response, "4 articles")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "false"})
        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "0"})
        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "true"})
        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")
        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "1"})
        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")

    def test_logout_and_password_change_URLs(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:logout"))
        self.assertContains(
            response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:password_change")
        )

    def test_named_group_field_choices_change_list(self):
        """
        Ensures the admin changelist shows correct values in the relevant column
        for rows corresponding to instances of a model in which a named group
        has been used in the choices option of a field.
        """
        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab1.pk,))
        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab2.pk,))
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
        fail_msg = (
            "Changelist table isn't showing the right human-readable values "
            "set by a model field 'choices' option named group."
        )
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1,
            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
            html=True,
        )
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2,
            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
            html=True,
        )

    def test_named_group_field_choices_filter(self):
        """
        Ensures the filter UI shows correctly when at least one named group has
        been used in the choices option of a model field.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
        fail_msg = (
            "Changelist filter isn't showing options contained inside a model "
            "field 'choices' option named group."
        )
        self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<a href="?surface__exact=x" title="Horizontal">Horizontal</a>',
            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
            html=True,
        )
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<a href="?surface__exact=y" title="Vertical">Vertical</a>',
            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
            html=True,
        )

    def test_change_list_null_boolean_display(self):
        Post.objects.create(public=None)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, "icon-unknown.svg")

    def test_i18n_language_non_english_default(self):
        """
        Check if the JavaScript i18n view returns an empty language catalog
        if the default language is non-English but the selected language
        is English. See #13388 and #3594 for more details.
        """
        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("en-us"):
            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
            self.assertNotContains(response, "Choisir une heure")

    def test_i18n_language_non_english_fallback(self):
        """
        Makes sure that the fallback language is still working properly
        in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
        """
        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("none"):
            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
            self.assertContains(response, "Choisir une heure")

    def test_jsi18n_with_context(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin-extra-context:jsi18n"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_L10N_deactivated(self):
        """
        Check if L10N is deactivated, the JavaScript i18n view doesn't
        return localized date/time formats. Refs #14824.
        """
        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="ru", USE_L10N=False), translation.override(
            "none"
        ):
            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
            self.assertNotContains(response, "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S")
            self.assertContains(response, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

    def test_disallowed_filtering(self):
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.get(
                "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy"
                % reverse("admin:admin_views_album_changelist")
            )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        # Filters are allowed if explicitly included in list_filter
        response = self.client.get(
            "%s?color__value__startswith=red"
            % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        response = self.client.get(
            "%s?color__value=red" % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # Filters should be allowed if they involve a local field without the
        # need to whitelist them in list_filter or date_hierarchy.
        response = self.client.get(
            "%s?age__gt=30" % reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist")
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
            name="Anonymous", gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code="123"
        )
        e2 = Employee.objects.create(
            name="Visitor", gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code="124"
        )
        WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e1)
        WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e2)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, "employee__person_ptr__exact")
        response = self.client.get(
            "%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d"
            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"), e1.pk)
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_disallowed_to_field(self):
        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist")
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "missing_field"})
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        # Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model registered
        # to this admin site should raise an exception.
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.get(
                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
            )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        # #23839 - Primary key should always be allowed, even if the referenced model isn't registered.
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "id"}
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # #23915 - Specifying a field referenced by another model though a m2m should be allowed.
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "rname"}
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # #23604, #23915 - Specifying a field referenced through a reverse m2m relationship should be allowed.
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "iname"}
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # #23329 - Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model directly registered
        # to this admin site but registered through inheritance should be allowed.
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist"),
            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # #23431 - Specifying a field that is only referred to by a inline of a registered
        # model should be allowed.
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist"),
            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # #25622 - Specifying a field of a model only referred by a generic
        # relation should raise DisallowedModelAdminToField.
        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist")
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "object_id"})
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        # We also want to prevent the add, change, and delete views from
        # leaking a disallowed field value.
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.post(
                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
            )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        section = Section.objects.create()
        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(section.pk,))
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(section.pk,))
        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)

    def test_allowed_filtering_15103(self):
        """
        Regressions test for ticket 15103 - filtering on fields defined in a
        ForeignKey 'limit_choices_to' should be allowed, otherwise raw_id_fields
        can break.
        """
        # Filters should be allowed if they are defined on a ForeignKey pointing to this model
        url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist"
        )
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

    def test_popup_dismiss_related(self):
        """
        Regression test for ticket 20664 - ensure the pk is properly quoted.
        """
        actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
        response = self.client.get(
            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_changelist"), IS_POPUP_VAR)
        )
        self.assertContains(response, 'data-popup-opener="%s"' % actor.pk)

    def test_hide_change_password(self):
        """
        Tests if the "change password" link in the admin is hidden if the User
        does not have a usable password set.
        (against 9bea85795705d015cdadc82c68b99196a8554f5c)
        """
        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
        user.set_unusable_password()
        user.save()
        self.client.force_login(user)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
        self.assertNotContains(
            response,
            reverse("admin:password_change"),
            msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.',
        )

    def test_change_view_with_show_delete_extra_context(self):
        """
        The 'show_delete' context variable in the admin's change view controls
        the display of the delete button.
        """
        instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name="foo")
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change", args=(instance.pk,))
        )
        self.assertNotContains(response, "deletelink")

    def test_change_view_logs_m2m_field_changes(self):
        """Changes to ManyToManyFields are included in the object's history."""
        pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name="Cheese")
        cheese = Topping.objects.create(name="cheese")
        post_data = {"name": pizza.name, "toppings": [cheese.pk]}
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,)),
            post_data,
        )
        self.assertRedirects(
            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist")
        )
        pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
            ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False
        )
        log = LogEntry.objects.filter(
            content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk
        ).first()
        self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), "Changed Toppings.")

    def test_allows_attributeerror_to_bubble_up(self):
        """
        AttributeErrors are allowed to bubble when raised inside a change list
        view. Requires a model to be created so there's something to display.
        Refs: #16655, #18593, and #18747
        """
        Simple.objects.create()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_simple_changelist"))

    def test_changelist_with_no_change_url(self):
        """
        ModelAdmin.changelist_view shouldn't result in a NoReverseMatch if url
        for change_view is removed from get_urls (#20934).
        """
        o = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist")
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        # Check the format of the shown object -- shouldn't contain a change link
        self.assertContains(
            response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True
        )

    def test_invalid_appindex_url(self):
        """
        #21056 -- URL reversing shouldn't work for nonexistent apps.
        """
        good_url = "/test_admin/admin/admin_views/"
        confirm_good_url = reverse(
            "admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "admin_views"}
        )
        self.assertEqual(good_url, confirm_good_url)

        with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
            reverse("admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "this_should_fail"})
        with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
            reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views2",))

    def test_resolve_admin_views(self):
        index_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/")
        list_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/")
        self.assertIs(index_match.func.admin_site, customadmin.simple_site)
        self.assertIsInstance(
            list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin
        )

    def test_adminsite_display_site_url(self):
        """
        #13749 - Admin should display link to front-end site 'View site'
        """
        url = reverse("admin:index")
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_url"], "/my-site-url/")
        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/my-site-url/">View site</a>')

    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Sao_Paulo", USE_TZ=True)
    def test_date_hierarchy_timezone_dst(self):
        # This datetime doesn't exist in this timezone due to DST.
        date = pytz.timezone("America/Sao_Paulo").localize(
            datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), is_dst=None
        )
        q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?", expires=date)
        Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__day=16")
        self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__month=10")
        self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__year=2016")

    def test_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
        expected_sortable_fields = ("date", "callable_year")
        expected_not_sortable_fields = (
            "content",
            "model_year",
            "modeladmin_year",
            "model_year_reversed",
            "section",
        )
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_article_changelist"))
        for field_name in expected_sortable_fields:
            self.assertContains(
                response, '<th scope="col"  class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name
            )
        for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
            self.assertContains(
                response, '<th scope="col"  class="column-%s">' % field_name
            )

    def test_get_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"  class="sortable column-age">')
        self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"  class="column-name">')

    def test_sortable_by_no_column(self):
        expected_not_sortable_fields = ("title", "book")
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist"))
        for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
            self.assertContains(
                response, '<th scope="col"  class="column-%s">' % field_name
            )
        self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col"  class="sortable column')

    def test_get_sortable_by_no_column(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_color_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"  class="column-value">')
        self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col"  class="sortable column')


@override_settings(
    TEMPLATES=[
        {
            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
            # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
            # over the admin's templates dir.
            "DIRS": [
                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates"),
                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "templates"),
            ],
            "APP_DIRS": True,
            "OPTIONS": {
                "context_processors": [
                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
                ],
            },
        }
    ]
)
class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
    def test_custom_model_admin_templates(self):
        # Test custom change list template with custom extra context
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
        )
        self.assertContains(response, "var hello = 'Hello!';")
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_list.html")

        # Test custom add form template
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"))
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/add_form.html")

        # Add an article so we can test delete, change, and history views
        post = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"),
            {
                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
                "date_1": "10:54:39",
            },
        )
        self.assertRedirects(
            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
        )
        self.assertEqual(CustomArticle.objects.all().count(), 1)
        article_pk = CustomArticle.objects.all()[0].pk

        # Test custom delete, change, and object history templates
        # Test custom change form template
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_change", args=(article_pk,))
        )
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_form.html")
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete", args=(article_pk,))
        )
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html")
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist"),
            data={
                "index": 0,
                "action": ["delete_selected"],
                "_selected_action": ["1"],
            },
        )
        self.assertTemplateUsed(
            response, "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
        )
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_history", args=(article_pk,))
        )
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/object_history.html")

        # A custom popup response template may be specified by
        # ModelAdmin.popup_response_template.
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
            {
                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
                "date_1": "10:54:39",
                IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
            },
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, "custom_admin/popup_response.html")

    def test_extended_bodyclass_template_change_form(self):
        """
        The admin/change_form.html template uses block.super in the
        bodyclass block.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_change_password_template(self):
        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(user.id,))
        )
        # The auth/user/change_password.html template uses super in the
        # bodyclass block.
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

        # When a site has multiple passwords in the browser's password manager,
        # a browser pop up asks which user the new password is for. To prevent
        # this, the username is added to the change password form.
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" style="display: none">',
        )

    def test_extended_bodyclass_template_index(self):
        """
        The admin/index.html template uses block.super in the bodyclass block.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_extended_bodyclass_change_list(self):
        """
        The admin/change_list.html' template uses block.super
        in the bodyclass block.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_extended_bodyclass_template_login(self):
        """
        The admin/login.html template uses block.super in the
        bodyclass block.
        """
        self.client.logout()
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_confirmation(self):
        """
        The admin/delete_confirmation.html template uses
        block.super in the bodyclass block.
        """
        group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_group_delete", args=(group.id,)))
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_selected_confirmation(self):
        """
        The admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html template uses
        block.super in bodyclass block.
        """
        group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
        post_data = {
            "action": "delete_selected",
            "selected_across": "0",
            "index": "0",
            "_selected_action": group.id,
        }
        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:auth_group_changelist"), post_data)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_header"], "Django administration")
        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")

    def test_filter_with_custom_template(self):
        """
        A custom template can be used to render an admin filter.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_color2_changelist"))
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_filter_template.html")


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
    current_app = "admin3"

    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
        )
        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
        )

    def setUp(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)

    def test_change_form_URL_has_correct_value(self):
        """
        change_view has form_url in response.context
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse(
                "admin:admin_views_section_change",
                args=(self.s1.pk,),
                current_app=self.current_app,
            )
        )
        self.assertIn(
            "form_url", response.context, msg="form_url not present in response.context"
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.context["form_url"], "pony")

    def test_initial_data_can_be_overridden(self):
        """
        The behavior for setting initial form data can be overridden in the
        ModelAdmin class. Usually, the initial value is set via the GET params.
        """
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_add", current_app=self.current_app),
            {"name": "test_value"},
        )
        # this would be the usual behaviour
        self.assertNotContains(response, 'value="test_value"')
        # this is the overridden behaviour
        self.assertContains(response, 'value="overridden_value"')


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
        )

    def setUp(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)

    def test_js_minified_only_if_debug_is_false(self):
        """
        The minified versions of the JS files are only used when DEBUG is False.
        """
        with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.min.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "actions.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "actions.min.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "collapse.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.min.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "inlines.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.min.js")
        with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "prepopulate.min.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "actions.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "actions.min.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "collapse.min.js")
            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.js")
            self.assertNotContains(response, "inlines.min.js")


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
        )
        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)

    def setUp(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)

    def test_save_as_duplication(self):
        """'save as' creates a new person"""
        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data
        )
        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
        new_person = Person.objects.latest("id")
        self.assertRedirects(
            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(new_person.pk,))
        )

    def test_save_as_continue_false(self):
        """
        Saving a new object using "Save as new" redirects to the changelist
        instead of the change view when ModelAdmin.save_as_continue=False.
        """
        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
        url = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_person_change",
            args=(self.per1.pk,),
            current_app=site2.name,
        )
        response = self.client.post(url, post_data)
        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
        self.assertRedirects(
            response,
            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist", current_app=site2.name),
        )

    def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors(self):
        """
        When you click "Save as new" and have a validation error,
        you only see the "Save as new" button and not the other save buttons,
        and that only the "Save as" button is visible.
        """
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)),
            {"_saveasnew": "", "gender": "invalid", "_addanother": "fail",},
        )
        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the errors below.")
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])

    def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors_with_inlines(self):
        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
            {
                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
                "child_set-0-name": "Child",
                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
                "name": "_invalid",
            },
        )
        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])

    def test_save_as_new_with_inlines_with_validation_errors(self):
        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
        response = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
            {
                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
                "child_set-0-name": "_invalid",
                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
                "name": "Father",
            },
        )
        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])


@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
class CustomModelAdminTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
    def test_custom_admin_site_login_form(self):
        self.client.logout()
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        login = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin2:login"),
            {
                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("admin2:index"),
                "username": "customform",
                "password": "secret",
            },
            follow=True,
        )
        self.assertIsInstance(login, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(login, "custom form error")
        self.assertContains(login, "path/to/media.css")

    def test_custom_admin_site_login_template(self):
        self.client.logout()
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/login.html")
        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom login template")

    def test_custom_admin_site_logout_template(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:logout"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/logout.html")
        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom logout template")

    def test_custom_admin_site_index_view_and_template(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/index.html")
        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom index template *bar*")

    def test_custom_admin_site_app_index_view_and_template(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/app_index.html")
        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom app_index template")

    def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_template(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
        self.assertContains(
            response, "Hello from a custom password change form template"
        )

    def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_with_extra_context(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
        self.assertContains(response, "eggs")

    def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_done_template(self):
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change_done"))
        self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_done.html")
        self.assertContains(
            response, "Hello from a custom password change done template"
        )

    def test_custom_admin_site_view(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:my_view"))
        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Django is a magical pony!")

    def test_pwd_change_custom_template(self):
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
        su = User.objects.get(username="super")
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin4:auth_user_password_change", args=(su.pk,))
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)


def get_perm(Model, codename):
    """Return the permission object, for the Model"""
    ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Model, for_concrete_model=False)
    return Permission.objects.get(content_type=ct, codename=codename)


@override_settings(
    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
    # Test with the admin's documented list of required context processors.
    TEMPLATES=[
        {
            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
            "APP_DIRS": True,
            "OPTIONS": {
                "context_processors": [
                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
                ],
            },
        }
    ],
)
class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
    """Tests for Admin Views Permissions."""

    @classmethod
    def setUpTestData(cls):
        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
        )
        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="viewuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
        )
        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
        )
        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
        )
        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
        )
        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="joepublic", password="secret"
        )
        cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(
            username="nostaff", password="secret"
        )
        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
        cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
            another_section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
            section=cls.s1,
        )
        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
        )

        # Setup permissions, for our users who can add, change, and delete.
        opts = Article._meta

        # User who can view Articles
        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("view", opts))
        )
        # User who can add Articles
        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", opts))
        )
        # User who can change Articles
        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
        )
        cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
        )

        # User who can delete Articles
        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("delete", opts))
        )
        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("delete", Section._meta))
        )

        # login POST dicts
        cls.index_url = reverse("admin:index")
        cls.super_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "super",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.super_email_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "super@example.com",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.super_email_bad_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "super@example.com",
            "password": "notsecret",
        }
        cls.adduser_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "adduser",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.changeuser_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "changeuser",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.deleteuser_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "deleteuser",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.nostaff_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
            "username": "nostaff",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.joepublic_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "joepublic",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.viewuser_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "username": "viewuser",
            "password": "secret",
        }
        cls.no_username_login = {
            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
            "password": "secret",
        }

    def test_login(self):
        """
        Make sure only staff members can log in.

        Successful posts to the login page will redirect to the original url.
        Unsuccessful attempts will continue to render the login page with
        a 200 status code.
        """
        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))
        # Super User
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertRedirects(response, login_url)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Test if user enters email address
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
        self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
        # only correct passwords get a username hint
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_bad_login)
        self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
        new_user = User(username="jondoe", password="secret", email="super@example.com")
        new_user.save()
        # check to ensure if there are multiple email addresses a user doesn't get a 500
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
        self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)

        # View User
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.viewuser_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Add User
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.adduser_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Change User
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.changeuser_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Delete User
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.deleteuser_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Regular User should not be able to login.
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.joepublic_login)
        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)

        # Requests without username should not return 500 errors.
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.no_username_login)
        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
        self.assertFormError(login, "form", "username", ["This field is required."])

    def test_login_redirect_for_direct_get(self):
        """
        Login redirect should be to the admin index page when going directly to
        /admin/login/.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse("admin:index"))

    def test_login_has_permission(self):
        # Regular User should not be able to login.
        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(
            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.joepublic_login
        )
        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(login, "permission denied")

        # User with permissions should be able to login.
        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(
            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.nostaff_login
        )
        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))

        # Staff should be able to login.
        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        login = self.client.post(
            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"),
            {
                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
                "username": "deleteuser",
                "password": "secret",
            },
        )
        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))

    def test_login_successfully_redirects_to_original_URL(self):
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
        query_string = "the-answer=42"
        redirect_url = "%s?%s" % (self.index_url, query_string)
        new_next = {REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: redirect_url}
        post_data = self.super_login.copy()
        post_data.pop(REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME)
        login = self.client.post(
            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), urlencode(new_next)), post_data
        )
        self.assertRedirects(login, redirect_url)

    def test_double_login_is_not_allowed(self):
        """Regression test for #19327"""
        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))

        response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)

        # Establish a valid admin session
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)

        # Logging in with non-admin user fails
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.joepublic_login)
        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)

        # Establish a valid admin session
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)

        # Logging in with admin user while already logged in
        login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
        self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
        self.assertFalse(login.context)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

    def test_login_page_notice_for_non_staff_users(self):
        """
        A logged-in non-staff user trying to access the admin index should be
        presented with the login page and a hint indicating that the current
        user doesn't have access to it.
        """
        hint_template = "You are authenticated as {}"

        # Anonymous user should not be shown the hint
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
        self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(""), status_code=200)

        # Non-staff user should be shown the hint
        self.client.force_login(self.nostaffuser)
        response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
        self.assertContains(
            response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200
        )

    def test_add_view(self):
        """Test add view restricts access and actually adds items."""
        add_dict = {
            "title": "Døm ikke",
            "content": "<p>great article</p>",
            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
            "date_1": "10:54:39",
            "section": self.s1.pk,
        }
        # Change User should not have access to add articles
        self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
        # make sure the view removes test cookie
        self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
        # Try POST just to make sure
        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
        self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # View User should not have access to add articles
        self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
        # Try POST just to make sure
        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
        self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
        # Now give the user permission to add but not change.
        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", Article._meta))
        )
        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
        self.assertContains(
            response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">'
        )
        post = self.client.post(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict, follow=False
        )
        self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
        article = Article.objects.latest("pk")
        response = self.client.get(
            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(article.pk,))
        )
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>',
        )
        article.delete()
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Add user may login and POST to add view, then redirect to admin root
        self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
        change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_article_changelist"
        )
        self.assertNotContains(
            addpage,
            change_list_link,
            msg_prefix="User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
        )
        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
        self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a created object")
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # The addition was logged correctly
        addition_log = LogEntry.objects.all()[0]
        new_article = Article.objects.last()
        article_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article)
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.user_id, self.adduser.pk)
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.content_type_id, article_ct.pk)
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.object_id, str(new_article.pk))
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.object_repr, "Døm ikke")
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.action_flag, ADDITION)
        self.assertEqual(addition_log.get_change_message(), "Added.")

        # Super can add too, but is redirected to the change list view
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
        self.assertContains(
            addpage,
            change_list_link,
            msg_prefix="Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
        )
        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 5)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # 8509 - if a normal user is already logged in, it is possible
        # to change user into the superuser without error
        self.client.force_login(self.joepublicuser)
        # Check and make sure that if user expires, data still persists
        self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
        # make sure the view removes test cookie
        self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)

    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission")
    def test_add_view_with_view_only_inlines(self, has_change_permission):
        """User with add permission to a section but view-only for inlines."""
        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("add", Section._meta))
        )
        self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
        # Valid POST creates a new section.
        data = {
            "name": "New obj",
            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 0,
            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
        }
        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), data)
        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").name, data["name"])
        # InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission()'s obj argument is always
        # None during object add.
        self.assertEqual(
            [obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list],
            [None, None],
        )

    def test_change_view(self):
        """Change view should restrict access and allow users to edit items."""
        change_dict = {
            "title": "Ikke fordømt",
            "content": "<p>edited article</p>",
            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
            "date_1": "10:54:39",
            "section": self.s1.pk,
        }
        article_change_url = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)
        )
        article_changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")

        # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
        self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
        response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
        response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
        post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
        self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # view user can view articles but not make changes.
        self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
        response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to view")
        response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "View article")
        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Extra form field:</label>")
        self.assertContains(
            response,
            '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
        )
        post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
        self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
        self.assertEqual(
            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>Middle content</p>"
        )
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # change user can view all items and edit them
        self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
        response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to change")
        response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Change article")
        post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
        self.assertRedirects(post, article_changelist_url)
        self.assertEqual(
            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>edited article</p>"
        )

        # one error in form should produce singular error message, multiple errors plural
        change_dict["title"] = ""
        post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
        self.assertContains(
            post,
            "Please correct the error below.",
            msg_prefix="Singular error message not found in response to post with one error",
        )

        change_dict["content"] = ""
        post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
        self.assertContains(
            post,
            "Please correct the errors below.",
            msg_prefix="Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors",
        )
        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))

        # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
        r1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
        r2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
        r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="odd id mult 3")
        r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name="even id mult 3")
        change_url_1 = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r1.pk,)
        )
        change_url_2 = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r2.pk,)
        )
        change_url_3 = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r3.pk,)
        )
        change_url_6 = reverse(
            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r6.pk,)
        )
        logins = [
            self.superuser,
            self.viewuser,
            self.adduser,
            self.changeuser,
            self.deleteuser,
        ]
        for login_user in logins:
            with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                self.client.force_login(login_user)
                response = self.client.get(change_url_1)
                self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {"name": "changed"})
                self.assertEqual(
                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=